How Steinbeck Creates Two Contrasting Characters In Beginning Of Mice a

During the presidential reign of Hebert Hoover in the mid 1930's, America was hit with an extreme financial lull which was famously known as The Great Depression. During this season of emergency, an expected sixteen million individuals were left jobless and numerous others were left destitute. Despite the fact that it was normal that numerous businesses in the United States would be fundamentally influenced because of the accident, it was Agriculture that was crushed. Numerous landowners were urgent to utilize laborers on their homestead, while laborers were on edge themselves to get a new line of work to help their family. In this story, two dislodged Anglo vagrant farm laborers, George Milton and Lennie Small, travel around America in scan for a vocation. We before long understand their objective to seek after the American Dream, a fantasy that has equivalent possibility of turning into a reality or an insignificant dream. Steinbeck?s tale shows a worry for these two companions as pressure is raised about whether they will arrive at the Promised Land they love to such an extent. Quite a bit of this worry can be ascribed to the differentiating characters that both George and Lennie have ?Although George is viewed as a wise caring individual, his friend Lennie, albeit genuinely solid, is a mentally constrained man who has a decent possibility of accidentally ruining their expectations and aspirations, principally because of his psychological inadequacy. While Steinbeck portrays the two primary characters in the novel, we see that there is a huge distinction in their physical appearances. For instance, there is proof in the content which recommends that Lennie is an epic physical example: ?a gigantic man, ill defined of face, with enormous, pale eyes and he strolled heavily...........the way a bear hauls his paws.? The very certainty that Len... ...?into the snare?. This recommends he is a man with scarcely any shortcomings. We discover in the last phases of the story that George has a shortcoming, explicitly his reliance of Lennie. Lennie, cleverly, attempts to control George by expressing that he will leave him and ?live in that confine?. This disturbs George why should urgent win Lennie?s kinship back: I need you to remain with me Lennie, no you remain with me?. This shows he needs him the same amount of as Lennie needs him. When all is said in done the peruser can see that George needs his mate, Lennie to have the option to endure, paying little heed to how intellectually hindered he is. In general, the author makes a tremendous differentiation between both of these characters. The utilization of flawless depiction, just as short, sharp expressions helps the peruser in increasing a striking picture of how these two energized characters would resemble, all things considered.

Point of View Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Perspective - Essay Example the peruser doesn't become acquainted with the name of Dee’s male buddy in light of the fact that â€Å"after I stumbled over it†¦he instructed me to simply call him Hakim-a-barber.† It is likewise not satisfactory whether the man is a hairdresser or not on the grounds that the storyteller doesn't inquire. Also, the perusers can't gather much about the connection among Dee and Hakim-a-hair stylist and where they have been before showing up on the scene. Then again, the first person’s perspective permits the perusers to get into the story as they can see the world from the narrator’s point of view. An alternate sort of portrayal, the third individual, can adjust the significance of the story. It would have permitted the writer to seek after various storylines; consequently, giving the peruser a more extensive perspectives on the story. For instance, it would have empowered the writer to investigate Dee’s life and by so doing, the perusers would have had the option to get familiar with Dee’s partner. The storyteller says â€Å"You must have a place with those hamburger cows individuals down the road.† The perusers may not be acquainted with the sort of individuals that live â€Å"down the road†. The third person’s perspective would have permitted the creator more space for revealing insight into the hamburger steers individuals down the

A List of Persuasive Essay Topics Related to Nature

A List of Persuasive Essay Topics Related to NaturePresented with the fact that college students today will soon be inundated with many 'knowledge-based' subjects in their fields of study, you might be surprised to find that most students and professors don't want to learn anything about nature. Nature as a subject in an English class is rarely ever considered. Only a handful of individuals actually understand the vital role that nature plays in inspiring and motivating the students to take up the subject.The environment in which a student learns their natural sciences, math or English are extremely influential. Science and nature are a colloquial term, but in essence, the term denotes learning and understanding that is in direct relation to the life of the planet. Here is a list of persuasive essay topics related to nature that you can use to inspire your students.One important fact about nature is that it is all around us. It's just hidden by a thick cloud of dust that we are const antly bombarded with. Furthermore, this natural environment is one that provides us with the means to nourish our lives and sustain our environments.In addition, there are many educational opportunities that can be had for those who embrace the importance of nature, such as benefiting from it for their own personal benefits. What better way is there to experience a better environment than through the world of nature? After all, your classroom is a microcosm of nature, and so too is your life.Use these persuasive essay topics to help inspire the importance of nature in teaching students, but also in their own lives. Let them know the amazing ways in which nature can enrich their lives. They should be encouraged to experiment with nature by enrolling in nature studies, taking a nature-related class, or getting involved in nature-related projects.Learning about the importance of nature and the possibilities that it offers is a great area to begin in when teaching them to explore nature as a topic. If they aren't naturally drawn to the subject, it is important to work at getting them interested. By making them aware of the many benefits they will receive from the natural world, such as better breathing, higher concentration, and better health, you can encourage them to be more enthusiastic about taking up nature studies and taking nature classes.The most compelling point you can make to them when addressing these persuasive essay topics is to challenge them to think critically about the course they have been assigned. Allow them to do research on their own in order to determine what they can learn from nature that will be useful in their lives. Their answers to this will allow you to determine what lesson you need to teach them in order to encourage them to take up nature studies.The importance of nature in your classroom can be tackled in this way, using the proper persuasion and appeal with persuasive essay topics related to nature. Make sure to keep your studen ts curious by allowing them to share their own experiences, questions and opinions with the topic.

Work report Essay - 2049 Words

UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO Faculty of Mathematics PROFESSIONAL SKILLS: EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE PD 2: Critical Reflection and Report Writing Waterloo, Ontario Prepared by #42-80 Strathaven Dr. Mississauga, Ontario L5R 3V9 July 17, 2012 Mr. Tim Paci, PD2 Instructor Professional Development Program University of Waterloo 200 University Avenue West Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1 Dear Mr. Paci, This report, entitled â€Å"Professional Skills: Emotional Intelligence† was prepared as my 1B Work Report for PD2: Critical Reflection and Report Writing. This is my first work term report. The purpose of this report is to determine key emotional intelligence characteristics†¦show more content†¦This report provides useful information about emotional intelligence that could solve this problem. My assessment was done online through Emotional Quotient Inventory. The study done by CIBC consisted of data collected over a six-month period and emotional intelligence scores done through Emotional Quotient Inventory. 2.0 My Emotional Intelligence Assessment By using Emotional Quotient Inventory, it helped me to identify my perceived frequency of emotionally intelligent behaviours in terms of fifteen established emotional intelligence skills. 2.1 Analysis Among the fifteen emotional intelligence skills, five of which have been identified as significant areas, including top three strengths and two areas offering the greatest opportunity for personal development. Figure 1. My Five Emotional Intelligence Areas of Interest My top three strengths are interpersonal relationship, emotional self-awareness, and happiness; and my two weaknesses are social responsibility and self-regard. The Interpersonal Relationship component is defined as the ability to develop and maintain mutually rewarding relationships that are characterized by intimacy and the exchange of affection (Multi-Health Systems Inc., 2012). I am generally able to establish mutually satisfying relationships through communication that includes a balance of listening, empathy, and sharing ofShow MoreRelatedEssay On My Work Report To Work803 Words   |  4 PagesOctober 26, 2017-I reported to the slap program for my first day. During the beginning of the work day I was placed with two gentlemen to work with who was in the slap program, along with an elder Caucasian male who was county staff. At approximately 9:00am or so we bang working on an assignment that the elder from the county staff placed us on which was bringing boxes up to an abandoned cell area. 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This entity produces two primary products including grinding media and carbon wire rod, one being recognized in the industry for its durability

The Americans with Disabilities Act is Only the First...

The Americans with Disabilities Act is Only the First Step The United States of America is founded upon the groundwork that all men are created equal. America is also viewed as the land of opportunity, as large numbers of immigrants enter the country in order to make a better life for themselves. These catch phrases used above are an honorable attempt to portray America as a land where everything is fair and everyone possesses a chance to succeed. These slogans, which we so easily state, do not tell the full story, however. Racism and prejudice abound in the land of the free and can be witnessed on an almost daily basis. The government endeavors to remedy the inequalities through programs such as the Americans with Disabilities†¦show more content†¦These reasonable accommodations are somewhat vaguely defined, and this leads to various problems between employer and potential employee. All things considered, the ADA has been a help to a great many people and various success stories can be found in the business, sports, and professiona l worlds. However, inequality still abounds as the disabled continue to struggle to gain their self-dependence. This is unacceptable in a culture that prides itself on equal opportunity, and it is only through increased policy that this problem will be rectified. Despite the successes by the ADA of protecting individuals from discrimination, it should still be treated as a stepping-stone for equality reform, rather than the answer to it. Numerous instances of discrimination against handicapped workers still exist, ten years after the ADA was passed. In surveys conducted by various healthcare organizations, it has been found that workers with disabilities still lag behind those non-disabled workers in both wages and employment frequency. A survey sponsored by Aetna U.S. Healthcare and the JM Foundation in September of 2000 found that three out of ten disabled worked, while eight out of ten non-disabled worked. Out of those disabled who did not work but were capable, sixty-five percent would rather workShow MoreRelatedThe American Disability Act ( Ada )1176 Words   |  5 Pages Disability has been a function historical to justify inequality for any disabled people, but in addition has also helped so many women, and minorities. Over the years there have been many models that can explain disability law. There is a social model which argues that it is the environment, that basically caused those traits to limit the func tions; therefore creating disability. Another model that people tend to use when looking at disability is the normative claim, which his that disability shouldRead MoreHow Does One s Disability Affect Their Political Participation Within Society? Essay1695 Words   |  7 PagesSeveral years after Congress took steps to guarantee equal access for the disabled at the voting polls, studies showed that in the United States â€Å"during the 2012 election cycle, 1 in 5 voters with disabilities said they were kept from casting their ballot on their own and more than half said they encountered hurdles† (Heasley). Disabilities can be defined as an impairment that may be physical, cognitive, intellectual, mental, sensory, developmental, or a combination of impairments that causes restrictionsRead MoreEducation For All Handicapped Children Act1063 Words   |  5 Pagesmany people see people with disabilities. My only hope is that one day these laws will be unnecessary, because people will start to treat those with disabilities according to their needs. IDEA; Individuals with Disabilities Education Act 1990 1. IDEA or Individuals with Disabilities Education, formerly known as the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EHA) lasted from 1970 to 1990. Then in 1990, the United States Congress changed the title to IDEA. 2. This act was solely focused on affordingRead MoreBarriers to Quality Healthcare for People with Disabilities1403 Words   |  6 Pagespopulation. Over a billion people in the world have some form of disability with between 110 million and 190 million having significant trouble in functioning.1 With resources limited, these disabled patients do not have all the luxuries some other people may have in the aspect of health-care creating a viscous cycle of people needing more care yet not being able to receive it. The main problem of providing healthcare to individuals with disabilities lies within the inherent barriers of access to quality careRead MoreThe Disabled With Disabilities Act1541 Words   |  7 PagesJust like any other minority, the disabled have been discriminated throughout history. Disabilities can be composed of physical or mental handicaps and discrimination has always occurred for both. It has historically been difficult for the disabled to not only find employme nt, but also to keep acceptable employment. These individuals also have had trouble being treated properly on the job. Transportation has also been an issue because many of the disabled cannot move or get around as easily asRead MoreThe Promotion Of A Disabled Population Essay1668 Words   |  7 Pagesconditions (United States Census Bureau website, 2012). 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The employer’s physician concluded that the employee with a disability could not safely return to work because she posed a risk of a direct threat to herself. HoweverRead MoreLit1: Task 310.1.5-02, 11, 13 Essay704 Words   |  3 PagesAll of the provisions of the FMLA were successfully met for this particular employee. FMLA allows 12 weeks of unpaid time off. The employee returned to the same job at the same rate of pay which is also a provision that has to be met for FMLA. The only iss ue I see is the employee asking for the 11 weeks of withheld salary. No where in the FMLA provisions did I see where this was a mandatory action. The word that jumps out at me is UNPAID leave. If it is unpaid then why would the employee ask forRead MoreSignificance Of A Good Risk Management Program1510 Words   |  7 Pagesroads to protect the law-abiding citizen against robbers (Fischer R, 2013, P.4-6). What are the steps involved in a good risk management program? There are four basic steps involved in the creation of a good risk management program. The first step is the identification of risk through the analysis of threats and vulnerabilities. This action is where a set of guidelines are created through a step–by–step process, that will have to be taken into account and document in writing to ensure that all possibleRead MoreThe Human Resources Department Is A Critical Component Of The Health Care Workforce1478 Words   |  6 PagesDisability Discrimination in Health Care The Human Resources Department is a critical component in the health care workforce. They are in many ways the backbone of an organization as they handle a variety of issue that employee have. Some of the most complicated issues that Human Resources has to deal with is disability discrimination. The reason this subject is very difficult is because of the acts that protect the disabled from discrimination. First there is the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and

Personality Theory, Eye Communication, And Family Rules

Sometimes I think that I would be better off if I didn’t have to communicate with others. However, I would eventually come in contact with other people, and would eventually become bored and lonely. Moreover, I would come to need companionship from someone who could understand me and care about me. Human interaction is not often thought of as a basic human need, but it is almost as much of a necessity as the air we breathe, the food we eat, and the water we drink. Throughout the course, I have learned several things, but the information on personality theory, eye communication, and family rules were what I found to be most interesting. Personality Theory When I read the explanation on personality theory in chapter three I was quite intrigued. DeVito states, â€Å"Each person has a personality theory that says which characteristics of an individual go with other characteristics† (67). To further explain if I said, Sally is bright and beautiful, we each would form another characteristic that goes along with the ones that we know. In the example, my personality theory would say that she must also be kind, to go along with the known traits. However, this may not be true because Sally could be mean and still have the other characteristics. The fact that I formed the characteristic of kindness to go along with her known characteristics is known as the halo effect. In the same manner, we can form what is known as the reverse halo effect, where if there are known bad qualities aboutShow MoreRelatedEssay about How a Leadership Course Has Helped Make Me a Better Employee1736 Words   |  7 Pagesin management at this point in my career. What is important to me was to look at this way to be a better employee, in reacting to management styles. I also wanted to take different aspects of management and implement them into being a leader in my family. I have had several managers that I have respected during my career and certain attributes I wanted to emulate. My current manger David Taggerty took the time out to discuss his role as a leader and how he got into leadership. We took a look at whatRead More birth order Essay example1467 Words   |  6 Pagesresearch and theories can be criticized because of differences between parents, sibling positions of the parents, size of families, socioeconomic status, and culture. The conclusions drawn from research studies on sibling position are also often contradictory. However for some reason children with certain birth order roles grow into adolescents and adults with similar qualities. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In order to understand the sibling positions in a certain family the family system must beRead MoreEffective Communication in Nursing Essay1474 Words   |  6 PagesReflection is a vital key for effective communication with patients and their families. The main claim to this paper, is to prove, to have effective communication with patients and their families, firstly, one must know oneself. Communication is a two-way street Yes...but for effective communication to be understood, one must acknowledge oneself first, Communication starts with ourselves. we need to address that we, too, are human beings, with our own thoughts, feelings, beliefsRead MoreThe Role Of Television Show Plays On The Portrayal Of The Modern Family Set Up1694 Words   |  7 Pagestelevision show plays in regards to the exposing of the modern family set-up, the relationships and the effects that producers want to instill in their viewers. Three shows are selected as well as three episodes from each of the three shows critically analyzed. In the first show, George Lopez; the first few episodes introduce him as a fictionalized personality of himself. He is working at Power Bros and still has the responsibility of raising a family that comprises of the wife, a daughter and a son. He hasRead MoreBrazil Is A Favorite Commodity Of The World1513 Words   |  7 Pagescourtesy and expected to be offered small cups of extremely strong Brazilian coffee. In America, a greeting consisting of a 3-5 second handshakes and maintained eye contact is adequate. Upon arrival, members of the meeting are usually offered something to drink, usually water , tea, or coffee. During business meetings in the US, maintaining eye contact is essential, because it demonstrates a person’s interest in the conversation, and their sincerity and confidence. On the other hand, in Brazil, althoughRead MorePsychology: Questions on Cognitive Development1557 Words   |  7 Pages Motor development involves the acquisition of: a. sensory abilities including hearing and taste b. reflexive movements and abilities c. the muscular control necessary for coordinated movement d. language and speech patterns necessary for communication _A___ 3. Piaget called the incorporation of new objects into existing knowledge: a. assimilation b. object permanence c. conservation d. formal operations _D___ 4. For Jean Piaget, children deal with and adjust to the world through twinRead MoreIntroduction:. In This Essay I Will Be Exploring The Concepts1688 Words   |  7 PagesAmerican reality television series providing home makeovers for less fortunate families and community schools. The show is hosted by former model, carpenter and veteran television personality Ty Pennington who is pleasing to the ear and eye. 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Impact and Relevance of Social Networking to Starbucks free essay sample

This report elaborates about the impact and relevance of social networking to Starbucks and how to cope with the issues. The types of social networking that will be discussed in this report including social media, labor union, Fairtrade Foundation and Global Campaign for Climate Action (GCCA). Social media could be an opportunity to Starbucks to do some viral marketing, community marketing, and consumer-generated marketing. This kind of social networking helps Starbucks to enlarge its customer basis and retain them. Labor union is a social networking that concern about social justice to workers. Starbucks need to aware of the worker’s petition that had been made about fairly paid, working hours, health care, and independent voice at workplace. Fairtrade Foundation is a non-profit organization that supporting commodity farmers to get a better life by maintain the fair price of commodity and help farmers with technical support. Global Campaign for Climate Action pay attention to the environment issues such as global warming. We will write a custom essay sample on Impact and Relevance of Social Networking to Starbucks or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This non-profit organization created to invite people to their campaign about climate change and how to reduce the risk of global warming for better human life on earth. 1. Introduction Starbucks first opened in 1971, It served the world finest coffee to people in Seattle. In 1990, Starbucks expanded its market to United Stated and after that became worldwide. In 2000, Starbucks has more than 16,000 stores in 48 countries. Starbucks has principles: coffee, partners, customers, stores, neighborhoods, and shareholder. These principles attached in daily life of Starbucks. This report tries to analyze and elaborate the impact of social networking to Starbucks. Social networking is a group of people who are connected through community such as schools, colleagues, or workplace. People who involved in social networking are shares the same interest about something they mutually like. The main part of this report will be discussing about social networking (social media, labor union, Fairtrade Foundation community, and Global Campaign Climate for Action community) and their impact to Starbucks. 2. Discussion A. Social Media Social media is a part of social networking, the examples of social media are Facebook, Twitter, Myspace, and Linkedin. Social media used by people around the world to stay connected and share the same interest through online social networking. According to Boyd and Elliot (2007), the first social network site launched in 1997, SixDegrees. com. It helps people to create profile, connect and send message to others. Friendster existed in 2002 following by Linkedin and Myspace in 2003. On the other hand, Facebook and Twitter dominated the social media world for the last 6 years. This figure below shows about the development of social media based on the launch date. Social media leads to some activities which a lot of information is shared by people and they exchange information rapidly. This exchange will enhanced the perceived value by consumers. Beside value from consumers, information exchange can build customer loyalty as well. As Anandya (2010) stated that the raising of internet gives space that called cyberspace for people to interact with each others. The information exchange may affect significantly to customer loyalty. Starbucks can use the social media to interact with its customers. Social media now record for 23 percent of advertising (Tucker, 2010). Advertising through social media can be use to deliver some message from the company to customers. Social media commonly employ several types of word-of-mouth marketing include: viral marketing, referral program, and community marketing. Company can try to build customer experience by implementing viral marketing. The rapid growth of online users makes information spread quickly among customers. Besides viral marketing, Starbucks can use community marketing to form and support niche communities that are likely to share their interest about a brand. Company can start to develop a space for customers to gain greater social distribution on social media. The pages can be placed in some social networking site such as Facebook and Twitter. Customers who have value to Starbucks brand can meet the other customer and sharing stories or they can invite their friends to the fan page in Facebook. Hunter (2009) stated that â€Å"Unlike Facebook, where social structure is among people who have agreed to become online friends, members of Twitter are nominally part of two networks; those who follow their updates and those whose updates they follow†. Twitter use as a media to communicate and inform customers about new products, events, and recent campaign. A research shows that middle status member in a group who moderately connected to others member are often influenced by their friend’s purchase decision. â€Å"They tried to maintain their status by primarily making purchases as they fear that not doing so might undo their status† (Iyengar, Han, Gupta, 2009). Another activity that beneficial to Starbucks is using social media as consumer-generated marketing strategy. It is a growing part of the new customer dialogue by which customers themselves playing a bigger role in shaping their own brand experiences and those of others. This may happen through blog or video that had been made by customer itself (Kotler Armstrong, 2012). Starbucks should pay attention and catch the opportunity. While the company sells the best espresso, they have to build good customer relationship with customers and grab the market share through social media activities. People who involved in an organization can use social networking to improve their performances through knowledge sharing. Social networking provides a set of methods and measures to identify, visualize, and analyze the informal personal networks within and between organizations Thus, social network analysis provides a systematic method to identify, examine and support processes of knowledge sharing in social networks (Muller-Prothmann, 2006). Social networking can help an organization to identify personal expertise and knowledge. When a company tries to build a community within the employees, it can help improve communication process to enhance the performance of the company. B. Labor Union Labor union is one of the social networking that exists to ensure the right of workers. They concern about work hours, wages, and benefits that given by the company. The different in culture, demographic, social-economic background have a strong impact on the development of labor union as a social networking. In Western Europe countries and US, labor union been institutionalized since long time ago while in countries like South Africa and Indonesia recently legalized and have growing members (Heins, 2004). Starbucks has some issues regarding the employees. Starbucks workers made some petitions to company’s board which are: fairly paid, health care coverage, sufficient staff, safe working environment, and independent voice on the job. Starbucks workers stated that compare to $23 billion market value and growing business of Starbucks, most of them got low wage and fluctuating hours which affect their financial condition. Workers also complained about health care which they have to works 240 hours per quarter to qualified health care purchases through company while they do not have assurance in work hours. In addition, workers have to pay premium to participate in health care plan. Starbucks as a global company has to pay attention of certain situation related to social networking between workers. Research in journal: The Role of Labor Unions in the Process towards Sustainable Consumption and Production, has evidence that the union movement has started to embrace the concept of sustainability of the company. As management started to hold the traditional approach between business interest and social interest is no longer clear, but blend (Heins, 2004). Ethical framework in business consists of sustainable business, ethics, and stakeholder theory (Wells, 2011). The term ‘sustainability propitiates value creation for firms, as well as for their stakeholders, in economic, social and environmental terms† (Kumar Sen, 2006). Workers as stakeholder of a company have important roles to Starbucks. The social networking of workers should be engage in company decision making. Most of the employees of Starbucks are part timer. As management of Starbucks always r eceived complains about work hours, workers should be given fixed hours of work so that they have assurance according to hours and wages they get. Research found that wages grow faster in economies that do integrate with the rest of the world, globalization may have negative impact on wages in the short run. That is a signal when Starbucks has to pay attention to wages paid to the employees. Company should adjust the payment to the growth of economics. The main threats to workers come from international capital movement and financial crisis (Rama, 2003). Figure below shows about growth wages percentage in non-globalized countries, rich countries, and globalized countries. Beside wages and guaranteed hours, company needs to be aware of bullying in the workplace. Labor union of Starbucks has complained and sign petition about independency among workers. In journal Workplace Bullying and Ethical Leadership (Yamada, 2008) stated about the impact of bullying to workers. Workplace bullying is a profound violation of one’s personal dignity and the residual effect on organizational performance can be significant. Starbucks should commit to upholding a culture where diversity is valued and respected. Workers need health care and insurance as well, preventing the injury from hot beverage they could get when they work on shop floor as a barista. A responsible company has to be aware of the livelihood of the employees itself. C. Fairtrade Foundation While a company gets benefit of social networking that existed in the company itself, they have opportunities to build a customer value through community around them. Some of fair trade issue had been emerge recently. For example, a non-profit organization called Fairtrade Foundation which has a vision to maintain justice and sustainable development of trade structures and practices. Fairtrade exist as a social networking of people that concern about welfare of people especially in developing country. They also use social media (Facebook, Twitter, Youtube, Blog) to interact online. This community establish in 1992 with missions to deliver the proper life to farmer and worker. In developing country, there are some risks for agricultural export: technological advance, growing complexity of finished product, evolution of manufactured raw material, and the rising of agriculture productivity in industrial countries. The event of 11st September 2001 made the commodity price plummeted especially in the price of coffee, tea and other commodities from developing country (Mazumder 2008). Figure below shows the decline of coffee price in September 2001. Importing Countries Retail Prices of Roasted Coffee (US cents per lb) The activities of Fairtrade Foundation supported by consumer who buy the groceries product with Fairtrade mark on it. This kind of social networking will affect Starbucks as a coffee purchaser. The company can grow social responsibility to be involved in this community and support the farmer by purchase Fairtrade commodity. Starbucks can do some effort to sync by offering some help in technique, equipment, and capital funding for farmers. This will ensure the quality of the coffee and increase the value of the product. D. Global Campaign for Climate Action (GCCA) Nowadays, more people concern about global climate change. They have done some campaign to save the environment. Global warming cause glass house effect that made the temperature rising. Social networking between people who care about this planet leads to some organizations to fight this environment issue. Global Campaign for Climate Action (GCCA) was form in 2008 and started the campaign at 2009. The history begins from discussion between internationally-respected campaigners and advocates who concern about environmental. These climate activists concluded in 2006 that the fight against climate change needed a boost. By uniting together across organizations to create public campaigns particularly in countries where additional mobilizing capacity was needed, they felt they had a better chance of becoming more than the sum of the parts. GCCA consists of 270 non-profit organizations around the world. The mission of GCCA is to encourage people to maintain a safe global climate for next generation, to reduce the carbon emission and to influenced the community that already affected by climate change. The issue of global warming is a societal and environmental driver for Starbucks. The social networking of people who concern about this planet has an impact to Starbucks as a coffee retailer. Starbucks need to contribute to support the environment and gives some effort that can help the planet from climate change. Using paper glass or ceramic glass is better than plastic glass. Plastic glass need to be recycled and can harm the environment. Good waste management and protection of water quality is necessary for company. The other way Starbucks can help to save the earth is using degradable brown paper bag as reducing the use of plastic bag. Starbucks need to delivers some message to the customer about the necessary of being eco-friendly and company can do some go-green campaign to encourage customer. 3. Conclusion Social networking is a broad term that can develop through relationship between people in workplace, schools, and online. In summary, this report elaborates the types of social networking: social media, labor union, Fairtrade Foundation community, and Global Campaign for Climate Action community and its impact to Starbucks. Starbucks can use social media to deliver the value of the brand through word-of-mouth marketing and consumer-generated marketing. Viral marketing is a good way to send a signal from a company related to new product, events, or campaign. Community marketing give customers a place to others customer to share about their experience to Starbucks. Labor union is a driver to Starbucks to enhance the livelihood of the workers. To ensure the welfare of the workers is one of the ethical frameworks of a company because workers as stakeholder have important rules in company sustainability. Fairtrade Foundation is a non-profit organization to support farmer especially in developing countries. Coffee farmers are supplier for Starbucks, company need show the corporate social responsibility by supporting farmers to help them providing a better living condition. Global climate change is a recent issue that more people concern about. An organization named Global Campaign for Climate Action is a social networking between people where they try to communicating the importance for being care about earth. 4. Recommendation and Implementation Social networking has some impacts and relevance to Starbucks. Research from a journal: Societal, Environmental and Stakeholder Drivers of Competitive Advantage in International Firms found that the good characteristic from a company align their activities with the principles of sustainable development and social expectations. The societal, environmental, and stakeholders could be managed to create value for the company. Kumar Sen (2006), in his research figured a diagram about societal, environmental, and stakeholder as external drivers for the company. In a competitive environment, the ability of companies to meaningfully engage with critical stakeholders propels a company to innovate and respond to changing external demands more effectively (Kumar Sen, 2006). It means that Starbucks has to pay attention to some issues regarding the social networks around the company. Some issues that come from social networking such as social media, labor union, non-profit organization as Fairtrade Foundation and Global Campaign for Climate Action are belong to external driver. Starbucks has to cope with this issue by getting involved in their activities. Company should pay attention to the worker and give them guaranteed work hours, pay their wages fairly, give them health care plan and protect them from bullying at the workplace. Fairtrade Foundation can be a media to connect Starbucks with coffee farmer, buy coffee from them and help them technically to produce high quality coffee. Go-green campaign can help to save the planet and give customer information and value about the product of Starbucks. For example discount given if customer choose to bring their own tumbler or using ceramic glass instead of paper or plastic glass. These activities can be organized by Starbucks through social media (Facebook, Twitter, Blogs) to gather customers and share the value of the company, give experience and to customer and build a good customer relationship.

Wuthering Heights By Bronte; (588 words) Essay Example For Students

Wuthering Heights By Bronte; (588 words) Essay Wuthering Heights By BronteI would like to analyze the conflicts that Heathcliff faced throughout the novelWuthering Heights. Heithcliffs character was very complex. He lived atroubled childhood that is never completely revealed to the reader. All we knowis that he was abandoned at a young age and when Mr. Earnshaw discovered him, hewas sickly looking. Heathclfidd was then brought to live in this brand newsociety at Wuthering Heights. Hindly, Mr. Earnshaws son, was jealous ofHeathcliff from the start because he felt that his father loved Heathcliff morethan himself. Hindlys hatred for Heathcliff was worsened once he realizedthat he and Cathy had fallen in love. To protect his sister, he slowly turnedHeathcliff into a vagabond. This ultimatly forced her to seek love elsewhere. We will write a custom essay on Wuthering Heights By Bronte; (588 words) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now When Heathcliff overheard that Cathy was to be married to another man, Edgar, heran away from Wuthering Heights. After fleeing Wuthering Heights, Heathcliff wasforced to start a new life and obviously succeeded at this because during thistime he became very wealthy. Upon returning he confessed to Cathy that he neverstopped loving her. When Cathy didnt reciprocate his feelings, Heathcliffbecame enraged and to spite Cathy, he married her sister in law, Isabelle. Atthis point Cathy and her husband Edgar were expecting a baby. Heathcliffsmarriage sent her into a deep depression. She fell very ill and soon aftergiving birth to her daughter, Cathrine , she died. Berfore she died though, sheconfessed to Heathcliff her true love for him. After Cathys death, Heathcliffnow became a scornful person, full of hatred. He wanted in the worst way to getrevenge on Edgar Linton for stealing Cathy from him. He spent years and yearsthinking up a valid plan that would drive Edgar to his deathbed. His pla n usesCathrines cousin, Linton, to lure her to Wuthering Heights against herfathers will. When she arrives, Heathcliffs new revengeful side is nowrevealed. He locks Cathrine up in the house and forces her to marry Linton. Whenshe is finally free to visit her father, Heathcliffs wish is now granted. Herfather, Edgar, lies on a deathbed, and dies shortly after Cathrines return. Now Edgars fortune belongs to Linton who as according to Heathcliffs plandies soon after their marriage. Edgars fortune is now passed on from Lintonto Heathcliff. Heathcliffs life persists accordingly for a while until Mr. Lockwood, a new tenant at Wuthering Heights, ariives. He stays in Cathys oldroom against Heathcliffs orders and during the night gets a visit from herghost which he immidiatly reports to Heathcliff. This encounter makes Heathcliffrealize that Cathy is waiting for him in heavon. Now that he had seen Edgar dieand had stolen his fortune from him, he was ready to join Cathy. From this pointon he welcomes death and yearns for his and Cathys reunion. Heathcliffsdeath comes abruptly and the only person to mourn his death is Hareton, hisnephew. Heathcliff lived most of his life as a victim, but I think that all ofhis hardships turned him into a stronger person. Unfortunatly, he not onlybecame hard, but lost all the tenderness in his heart. Over time, he enjoyedseeing people endure pain as he himself was forced to do so many times in hispast. The ultimate thing that brought Heathcliff to peace was to die and enterheavon where his beloved Cathy was. Now that they are both in heavon it seems as if Heathcliffs wishes have come true because at the end of the novel, someonecomments on seeing Heathcliffs ghost with a woman. That woman is presumablyCathy. Their love was obviously an undying love because even in death they founda way to be together. .ucfe733637a5bd899528970c68f1226ba , .ucfe733637a5bd899528970c68f1226ba .postImageUrl , .ucfe733637a5bd899528970c68f1226ba .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucfe733637a5bd899528970c68f1226ba , .ucfe733637a5bd899528970c68f1226ba:hover , .ucfe733637a5bd899528970c68f1226ba:visited , .ucfe733637a5bd899528970c68f1226ba:active { border:0!important; } .ucfe733637a5bd899528970c68f1226ba .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucfe733637a5bd899528970c68f1226ba { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucfe733637a5bd89952897 0c68f1226ba:active , .ucfe733637a5bd899528970c68f1226ba:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucfe733637a5bd899528970c68f1226ba .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative; } .ucfe733637a5bd899528970c68f1226ba .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucfe733637a5bd899528970c68f1226ba .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucfe733637a5bd899528970c68f1226ba .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/s imple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucfe733637a5bd899528970c68f1226ba:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucfe733637a5bd899528970c68f1226ba .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left: 18px; top: 0; } .ucfe733637a5bd899528970c68f1226ba .ucfe733637a5bd899528970c68f1226ba-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucfe733637a5bd899528970c68f1226ba:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Atomic Bomb 8 Essay

Environmental Formces Impacts on Greggs Essays

Environmental Formces Impacts on Greggs Essays Environmental Formces Impacts on Greggs Paper Environmental Formces Impacts on Greggs Paper Also in 1 994 Gregg acquired 424 bakers oven shops which enabled Gregg to have an in store bakery this enabled them to put Gregg shops in built up busy areas and Bakers oven shops in smaller previously untouched areas with a lower population as the shops could bake what is needed for demand. Gregg offers take outs so it can be a quick and easy visit to the store whilst bakers oven offers seating and works similar to a restaurant for people on the move wanting a seat and something to eat. Gregg competes with all bakery chains and food outlets as ell as coffee shops to gain customers as Gregg relies on people needing food so they must make their products affordable and of high quality in able to ensure that customers will choose their products rather than other food retailers. Gregg has also set the standard for other bakery chains by expanding outside of the UK with two shops in Belgium and plans for many more shops in Europe making them the first British bakery chain to attempt and expansion outside of the ASK. In 2008 the global bakery products market is estimated to have been worth SIS$275 billion making it a very profitable market which is ever increasing. The forces talked about earlier are environmental forces, which are made up of the macro and micro environment, macro environment is uncontrollable external factors to the business, which consists of political, economic, social, technological, legal and CEO environmental factors. The micro environment is made up of stakeholders and how their ideas and demands affect how the business operates. For the purpose of this essay will concentrate on the macro environmental forces in the form of a Pestle analysis. Gregg is British bakery chain which operates mainly in the LIKE with at least 1 500 shops, the overspent in the UK is classed as stable so this is of benefit to Gregg as it does not have to keep changing because of an unstable government making changes to laws and legislations or with a shift of power between parties battling to gain power. Political factors affecting Gregg consist of health and safety regulations for employees which means that Gregg must operate in a safe way in order to prevent any injuries to staff or customers. All businesses must take great interest in health and safety but Gregg being a bakery chain that sell food products must pay extra attention to health and safety as a cut loud contaminate products and cause waste. Staff members must be careful while working to ensure there are fire exits accessible and the floors are clear of obstruction along with suitable oven cleaning equipment and personal protective equipment. Gregg must adhere to food hygiene legislation set forth by the government such as the HACK to ensure that no cross contamination has occurred and no bodily fluids or pathogens have come into contact with the food which could cause harm to a customer through food poisoning. Also any plasters worn must be blue in color and waterproof o if it comes off in the baking process and comes into contact with any of the bread mixes or pastry mixes it is easily identified and taken out preventing contamination through blood etc. Therefore all food must be of optimum quality and not posing a risk to consumers health and wellbeing by being unhygienic or uncooked. This brings me onto my next point of food safety legislations that state that meat products must be cooked to achieve a temperature of degrees also legislation to do with hot holding foods and how long food can be hot held. Another political factor is the minimum wage s the government and not Gregg sets the minimum wage it expects Gregg to pay its workers, this can pose threats to some bakery chains as the pay rate for people over 21 is E. 8 and usually there are a few people in the stores working for a few hours so this is going to eat away at the profits and smaller stores will be the worst affected however it will affect the likes of Gregg as well through eating profits. Gregg must also adhere to public holidays by not opening up on days that are specified to enable workers to have a day off, the government sets the public holidays and the business es must adhere. Gregg stated that the 2 extra public holidays in 2011 had cost the business E million in profit. The government in the UK may be classed as stable but the economy of the UK like so other many countries is in ruin, but has this had an adverse effect on Gregg? At the Start of the recession in 2008 Gregg pre-tax profits were EYE. 2 million up from EYE million in 2007 which was just before the start of the recession. Was this rise in profits a freak anomaly? No, Gregg is making steady progress year on year throughout the recession with pre-tax profits in 2009 of EYE. Million and 2010 EYE. 2 million especially. This goes to show that the recession has actually helped Gregg as a business with people cash strapped and in need of food the delicacy of a reasonably priced pasty seems to have been first port of call. However the recession has affected people all over the UK and in 201 1 the London riots showed just how bad it was with 19 shops being forced to closed whilst one shop was looted and another set on fire in Peacock. The London riots also badly disrupted the Gregg delivery vehicles through prevention of access to stores and damage to vehicles. This has ultimately caused damage to profits Of roughly El . 2 million as profits dropped. The London riots were one Of few social impacts that affected Gregg in 2011 along with recession which as I have already said saw Gregg prosper with profits rising, this was due to Gregg selling cheap, quality food in readily available areas to attract customers. Gregg, like all businesses cares about its consumer perception, this has led to the creation of 1 50 breakfast clubs in primary schools which aim to give school children a free nutritional breakfast which is provided by Gregg. This scheme also gets parents and careers in on the action as they can lunette to serve up the food after the delivery of food is made to the schools this will give Gregg a better consumer perception. The breakfast club scheme has been running since 2000 and will continue to run and expand to include more schools. Gregg also recognizes that where its shops are located will determine the sales outcome, so it has opened stores in student friendly areas in towns and indeed in some university campuses as it recognizes that the typical student stereotype is someone that is always busy hasnt got time to wait around and is pretty skink most of the time, what better place to locate popular bakery that has cheap products than in an area that is predominantly student and work orientated with lots of people wanting the products on offer. Gregg also has a foundation set up with a hardship fund, this helps there consumer perception as they allow people to apply for household appliances if they cannot afford to buy them due to poverty. The hardship fund operates in the four counties of Northeast England and has been running since 1993 and has so far given around E million to people in poverty in the Northeast. Having things like this showing people that Gregg Ares will predominantly boost sales as it helps their social status and people will know that Gregg helps people in poverty with its profits and as a result of this people may be more willing to purchase Gregg products. Technologically Gregg has been affected with an increase in computer technology which has led to new advertising campaigns, as well as Gregg advertising with billboards and television adverts etc. Hey now also advertise on the internet through their easy to use website and not only are their advertising techniques improving with technology but their checkout ermines are improving too with new compactness technology being implemented in stores which enables bank cards with this technology to just be tapped against the terminal and the payment will be made, this has been implemented to cut down on queues at peak trading times to keep the customers happy so they are not waiting around for ages. Gregg also benefited through some free advertising on the 20/6/2011 with a newspaper having the headline queen has Gregg cater for dinner party with 8000 big name guests, this will no doubt have boosted Gregg sales With royalists hinging if its good enough for the queen its good enough for us so this will have led to an increase in profits. Gregg has plans to open up 600 more stores in the UK to help boost profits by having more stores in areas that do not currently have Gregg stores to tap into new customer pools to generate a larger customer base. Along with the plans for expansion in size are plans to expand into new areas such as frozen food with Gregg planning to create branded frozen foods such as sausage rolls to be sold the Iceland food store chain. This will help Gregg also tap into new markets as they have never before been involved with frozen food sales and this offers great scope for expansion. Gregg is affected legally though hygiene laws and requirements such as the HACK food hygiene regulations guarding against food poisoning. This prevents Gregg from being unhygienic and posing a risk to consumers. Gregg must also abide by the data protection act 1998 as it takes customer information for storage etc. It must not distribute this to third party groups or do anything else with it without the persons permission. Gregg is also legally required to pay the national minimum wage to its employees. When laws are eased in regards to bakeries etc. Gregg must accept them and work within the law or face the risk of prosecution, court cases and potential fines or store closures. Like all businesses Gregg knows that people are getting more environmentally friendly and as a result are striving to be more CEO environmentally friendly themselves, trying to work upon the reduce, reuse and recycle principle. Gregg is trying to reduce landfill waste, recycle what it can and reuse what it can in order to cut down on pollution. Gregg is also offering some of its unsold food to charities in order to try and give people he chance to have food if they cannot afford it or if they are homeless. Gregg are not handing out free carrier bags to everybody now as well unless people ask for one if they have a lot of stuff they wont get one. Also on Gregg paper bags it says keep Britain tidy which shows that it wants the customers to put the packaging in the bin or recycle it if possible. Paper is also bio degradable so will rot away so will not damage the environment as much as plastic will. Gregg knows that it needs a good consumer perception and as a result throughout the different environmental forces affecting the inning of the business Gregg has stayed focused on this aspect with focus on charities and the Gregg foundation along with the breakfast clubs. Gregg is an ethical company with interests to help the people in need of it and trying to reduce its carbon footprint whilst offering tasty, reasonably priced foods. Gregg is not really threatened by the changing environment as it is still making a profit which is getting bigger every year it is more prompted to do things slightly different for example the packaging and not giving out free plastic bags to everyone. As a result of my PESTLE analysis have formulated n Insofar matrix to help formulate an idea for Gregg to respond to and prosper in its changing environment. For market penetration I thought of new advertising campaigns advertising new applications for android and tablet technology such as the pad which will give users details of where the nearest Gregg store is and what deals are on in the store along with prices. This brings me onto my next idea for market penetration, with the UK being in a financial crisis if prices are slightly lower or there are offers on for multiple purchases this could increase the sales and ultimately the profits if here is say a 2 for El . 0 on app pasties this will no doubt increase the number of sales as people like to think they are getting a bargain. For market development came up with the idea of new stores in other areas that do not currently have Gregg possibly because of a smaller population, this could gain Gregg a larger customer base. Also came up with the idea of focusing on expansion and opening more stores outside of the UK in order to globalize Gregg more so further expanding the customer base. My last idea for market development is to have Gregg stores on more university campuses tit student friendly deals on which would boost sales on products currently sold through Gregg. For product development I came up with the an idea for more pasties and sandwiches along with more varieties of hot drink potentially even a coffee bar inside the stores or in certain stores kind of like a mini Cataracts so there are a larger range of coffees so that people can call in and get a quick bite to eat and get a nice coffee in the same place rather than have to go to numerous places or just settle for a basic coffee. For diversification I came up with an idea for frozen food, as a kind of expansion o Gregg plans to sell frozen sausage rolls in Iceland stores and develop from there I thought Gregg could sell part baked frozen breads in store for customers that potentially want bread but not straight away for example if they are having a dinner party and are preparing a week in advance or so they could buy them put them in the freezer and are then able to bake them prior to the event starting so the bread is still warm. I also thought Gregg could allocate a cake maker to larger stores so they could receive orders for cakes for special occasions and make cakes to specifications of the customer or example special birthday cakes or a cake for a wake after a funeral. The idea I think Gregg should take on to prosper in the changing environment is simply market penetration, I believe they would benefit from an application for android or tablet technology which would inform potential customers where the nearest Gregg store is and the deals they have on. Also new television advertising campaigns advertising the application and the deals that are on in store would increase the number of potential customers entering the stores. Having lower prices or better promotions on products will cost profits as more people will be willing to buy more than one thing so will increase their basket spend, this would mean that potentially a El visit to the store could turn into a E visit with the right promotions in store and advertised well. Due to the current financial crisis and talk of double dip recessions believe this would help Gregg continue to make profits in tough times and potentially make profits soar higher. By lowering prices and having better promotions it eliminates the risk of being undercut by smaller bakeries as they will not be able to afford to undercut the prices of Gregg as they will et less customers and if Gregg a more reputable bakery is cheaper they will struggle to generate as many sales. Also new technology and advertising campaigns could increase the size of the customer base with potentially more people hearing about the deals and knowing where their nearest store will be. Smaller bakeries will not be able to afford extra advertising to this scale or the increase in technology to hire someone to create applications. This would also see off threats from supermarkets with bakeries as Gregg would stay market leader for bakery products in the UK and it would give them the scope o develop further.

Leadership Failure Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Leadership Failure - Assignment Example Many factors, from a leadership perspective, have been accounted for Lehman brothers’ downfall that burst out by the end of 2008. Foremost, the executive leaders of the institution seemed to be unaware of the market complexities that had changed drastically over the last few decades. Leadership can be well executed only if the leaders are proactive with respect to all aspects of the organization and changing behaviors of people, customers, market, and shareholders. Kelly and Csorba’s (2009) extensive report on leadership gaps at Lehman Brothers clearly identifies reasons for its failure. In short, this report points at factors such as leadership autonomy, inappropriate human resource practices, hierarchy versus authority, personal character and values of leaders, inappropriate decisions with respect to alignment of individual goals and objectives with that of organization’s objectives. Bill George (2008) of Lehman Brothers also pointed at the critical decisions made by leadership that focused on short-term monetary targets and incentives and lack of risk assessment. Incidences of resistance from leadership level towards risk assessment have also been reported in the Lehman’s history. This not only indicates lack of risk assessment but also lack of shared leadership concept that is extremely important to run large organizations (O’Toole, Galbrath & Lawler, 2002). Leaders need to have the courage of taking risks, however, taking uncalculated risks can be the potential threat to the organization at large. Investment in complex and highly uncertain areas were some of the most critical leadership decisions that changed the plight of the organization and all its stakeholders. Leaders need to develop careful judgment of risks and strategize appropriate risk management practices to save the organization when faced with risky situations.  Ã‚  In conclusion, leadership is a quality that an individual must possess, but not limited to fulfilling the individual’s desires, motives, or goals; it is more about taking decisions and doing actions that contribute to the development of business through all people associated with the business.  

Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 11

Business Law - Essay Example Each issue in the current question requires an analysis of the elements and so each of these will be discussed in turn, with respect to each question. The definition of law of negligence is said to be the of conduct which tends to fall below the standard that has been established by law so as to protect others against any unreasonable risk of harm. The landmark decision in which the doctrine of negligence was developed was Donoghue v. Stevenson1 and in particular Lord Atkin’s formulation is till today said to be the benchmark. The material facts of the case were that Donoghue who consume a ginger beer found a decomposed snail in the bottle and claimed negligence against Setevenson. The basic contention was that a duty of care was owed by the manufacture to the person who used or consumed what had been produced and so an act of negligence had been committed when the person who consumed or used the product was injured, even though the bottle in this particular case had been purchased from a retailer. Therefore since the injury had been caused to the final consumer it was contended that whether the beer was purchased from the manufacturer. Thus it was contended that the manufacturer should be held liable to the final consumer as duty was owed by him in the current situation and he was negligent in respect of the duty that he owed. Even though the case was settled out of court the court found all the elements to be present and stated that there had been negligence on part of the manufacturer. The main establishment in this case was the neighbor principle.Thus the case stated that a person must take reasonable care so as to avoid acts or omissions which if seen with reasonable foreseeability are likely to cause an injury to that person’s neighbour. Lord Atkin found a neighbour to be a person who would be so closely and directly affected by the act that he should have been contemplated of when doing the

The Characteristics Of Childrens Learning Styles

The Characteristics Of Childrens Learning Styles CHAPTER I The background and main characteristics of childrens learning style 1.1 The characteristic of teaching young learners The concept of learning is influenced by the psychological study of the learning process and is widely interpreted in the popular use. The psychological concept extends quite far and includes all parts of childrens development, from language acquisition to social roles and changes in their personality. Language teaching can be widely interpreted as all activities intended to facilitate and cause language learning. At the beginning of learning the new language, the learners knowledge has none or hardly any associations with the language, it is as an infant learning its first language. The lack of contact with the language and the lack of a safe reference system can give the learner an intellectual and emotional shock which can discourage from further learning. Thus, the task for the teacher is to overcome childrens disorientation which characterises the beginnings of learning, build up and associate a system of positive attitudes and feelings with the language: that is, being able to reply spontaneously and to think in the second language. In teaching of the second language, certain social strategy is also needed, so that children should feel a need of imitation and acquire the second language in the same way as their first one. (H.H. Stern Fundamental Concepts of Language Teaching:397-400) Childrens world is based on games and having fun and the same should apply to their learning. Children should not be aware of learning, neither lexicon nor grammar, but the teacher can easily use these facts to teach the foreign language through games, stories and songs. In teachers work with young learners, it is important to teach them according to psychological and pedagogical rules. The amount of material which the learners can remember depends on teaching techniques and the way the material is drilled. It is important to remember that lack of stress in learning makes it more efficient and easier to use in real situations. What is more, only friendly attitude of the teacher towards a learner, teachers willingness for learning and using all methods of relaxation can protect a child from being discourages and shy in learning and using the foreign language. Any good associations with parts of the material can cause that vocabulary or grammar will be better and longer remembered. It is also important that childrens concentration span is quite short and it is crucial to use any procedures which can make the learner able to longer concentration. Student should be also involved and interested in the lesson (BrzeziÅ„ski 1987: 145-150). Childrens learning is based on imitation and having fun rather than on their awareness of learning. Imitation is the easiest way of introducing new vocabulary and its aim is to lead to correct articulation and intonation of sounds and their memorization. In teaching young learners, intonation exercises are especially useful because of childrens flexibility of larynx which disappears with time. In terms of imitation exercises, the teacher should pay attention to learners reactions determined by their age. Furthermore , the teacher should change the techniques of teaching to avoid learners getting bored (WoÃ… ºnicki, T./ Zawadzka, E. 1979: 60). Most activities for children should consist of movement and involve their senses. The teacher needs many objects, visuals and pictures to work with, and to create a possibility to use all of the schools surroundings. It is also important for the teacher to let the pupils play with the language, talk to themselves as much as it is possible, use songs, rhymes and tell stories. As a matter of fact, the teacher should let pupils talk even nonsense to enable them to experiment with the language. The basic principle in teaching a language is a variety of activities, pace, organisation, voice and face expressions. Nevertheless, routines in the classroom are also essential so that the children can know the rules, be able to use the mark system and complete tasks. Using familiar situations or activities creates the atmosphere of safety, especially for the shy learners. Another important criteria in making teaching a language efficient is the classroom atmosphere. During the lesson, there is s upposed to be room for shared experiences, group work, pair work; what is more, rewards and prizes should be avoided. It is much more useful for the teacher to make notes about each pupil regularly in case the teacher would like to inform the pupils parents about their progress (W. A. Scott Teaching English to Children:5-7). 1.2 Theory of language acquisition in the early age From around 1975, â€Å"language acquisition† is contrasted with language learning. The American applied linguist Krashen uses the word â€Å"acquisition† to describe learning of the second language which is analogous to the way in which a child learns â€Å"naturally† his or her first language and does not focus on the linguistic form. The disadvantage of Krashens terminology is that it is contrasted with psychological terms. Krashen differentiates between â€Å"acquisition† and â€Å"learning†, as learning for him is more or less conscious. It is a very valuable distinction but it implies a constraint on the use of the term â€Å"learning†, and frequently deliberately limits it to the school-like learning (H.H. Stern Fundamental Concepts of Language Teaching: 18-20). In the light of an early start of language learning, Anderson claims that the way a person acquires mother tongue still remains a riddle. Between birth and the fifth year of life, children develop their ability to speak. Children in the first stage observe adults behaviour and any noises they produce. After some time, they start understand the meaning of such noises without seeing adults movements. The next step is imitation of sounds and (partially) a creation of their own ones. Consequently, children find out that they can control adults behaviour by making certain sounds. Lonnerberg mentions that only 10% of childrens utterings is like adults ones and that 90% of such utterings is their own language production. As far as it is concerned, childrens language acquisition is a dispute between an innate, individual parole and the langue created and used by the society (BrzeziÅ„ski 1987: 22-23). 1.2.1 A critical age for foreign language learning Regarding the age of the earliest acquisition and learning point as birth, the best moment to start teaching a child the second foreign language is the age of 4-5. This is because of childrens flexible larynx which allows for nearly ideal imitation of sounds and the most efficient brain which all together create a great opportunity for language acquisition. Nevertheless, only until the age of 12-13, children keep their flexibility and natural readiness for language acquisition. Lenneberg shows through extended case studies the stages of physiological maturity processes taking place in the brains hemispheres (especially the left one), which is dominant. What is more, if it happens that the left hemisphere is damaged before the age of 12-13, it is possible that the right hemisphere takes over the domination and speech problems can be reduced. In addition, after this age such a process is almost impossible (BrzeziÅ„ski 1987: 28-29). 1.2.2 Childrens second language acquisition The phenomenon of mother tongue acquisition is interesting for linguists, psychologists, neuropsychologists and even neurophysiologists. Furthermore, it is connected with natural bilingualism which occurs when a child learns, in a natural way, the second language. The process of the second language acquisition in natural conditions is quite similar to the first language acquisition or even identical. The only difference between those two is the fact that the second language is assimilated later and is based on experience and knowledge of the first one and, as a result, the whole process happens faster and more effectively (BrzeziÅ„ski 1987: 18). Chomsky(1964) claimed â€Å" it is a common observation that a young child of immigrant parents may learn a second language in the street, with amazing rapidity, and that this speech may be completely fluent and correct to the last allophone, while the subtleties that become second nature to the child may elude his parents despite motivation and continued practice† (BrzeziÅ„ski 1987: 8). The first international meeting connected with childrens acquisition and its use in teaching foreign languages took place in Hamburg in 1961. Participant tried to find out if it is right to introduce foreign languages in the primary schools, if it is true that children learn better than teenagers and adults and which techniques are supposed to be used in teaching them. After four years, the second meeting took place and the first answers were given. During many decades, lots of contrary opinions developed. As early as 1967, Corder points out: â€Å"It still remains to be shown that the process of learning second language is of fundamentally different nature from the process of primary acquisition†. On the other hand, in 1972, Moulton stresses that in teaching a foreign language to young children it is possible to adopt some methods and intuition procedures, used by a child during mother tongue acquisition, and weave them into learning of the foreign language (BrzeziÅ„ski 19 87: 8). 1.2.3 Factors of efficient language learning In 1960s, the matter of teaching a foreign language during the early age was a topic of many discussions. After the war, in many methodological books it was said that children can easily absorb, imitate and produce the new language. Learning of languages in the early age is connected with the habit of repeating words and sentences in a foreign language and acquisition of language material with the help of various memory techniques. The technique of frequent repetition of the material, as the main key to learning a language, is also supported by many psychologists such as Watson and Thorndike. In many psychological books, it is easy to find many completely different definitions of habit. According to â€Å"MaÅ‚y sÅ‚ownik psychologiczny†, habit is well-practised through numerous repetitions: actions which are done always in the same way and automatically. This definition can bring one to a wrong opinion that one should always react in the same way. Lado definites habit as fluency in using units and models of a particular language in answering while attention is not paid to units but to content. There are many more definitions of habit written by A. Szulc, Lompscher or Rubinsztejn, but all these definitions come down to the conclusion that the habit is way of mechanic, unconscious repetition and conscious production leading to the conscious process where consciousness is removed so long as the automatic element is eliminated. In this case, the fact that the process of repetition is the most important comes from the opinion of psychologists based on the theory that acquiring the mother tongue comes from the imitation of adults. There are also certain reasons directly influencing and shaping the process of learning and its efficiency:  · age - ­ after the age of 10, language acquisition ease diminishes. Childrens minds lose their flexibility and it is not that easy to acquire a language. Younger learners have better and more specific memory but have less ability to learn and need more repetitions. Children are more willing to imitate but have a very short concentration span. Their mechanical memory is better than that of the adults, and their short memory is more dynamic and more effective. The older the child, the more specific the way of learning is. Older children have their own range of memory, their long-term memory is more developed and more logic. They can focus more easily and have wider general knowledge. Being more mature, having better learning techniques and better motivation, the young and adults can easily make up this matters, which children can reach thanks to their imitating skills and more flexible minds.  · attitude in learning, there are many elements which have influence on better acquisition or learning, but attitude is one of the most important because it stimulates brain to better work and makes memory work more efficiently. What is more, the lack of motivation can cause that person who is not interested in the topic or in learning itself will not remember anything.  · previous experience connected with the material that has to be learned the more experience the learner has, the easier and more efficient learning is for him or her.  · material and content there are some units of material which are more difficult to understand or remember, for example, sentences which have lots of information. Also, the size of the material, the length of sentences, the kind of material (Passive Voice sentences are harder to remember and require longer time to learn than Active Voice sentences) significantly influence the effectiveness of the learning process.  · way of learning Humans use mechanical or logical memory while the logical one is more preferred and a part of material learned in a logical way is not only easier to reconstruct, but also stays longer in human memory. Certain researches show that talking in a foreign language is not only a simple reproduction of material that was learned. A learner should pay attention to very basic patterns which can be modified and updated with new vocabulary and structures. Mechanical memorising of sentences can be even a quite dangerous and tricky factor because certain language elements occur in a particular arrangement, in a way they were learned and drilled by exercises.  · number of exercises and repetitions Psychological research shows that the long term memory is extended in proportion to the learning time. What is more, overlearning is a very important element in the memorizing process. The higher the level of overlearning, the slower is the process of forgetting. Yet, the level of overlearning is reached individually after each learner performs a number of repetitions. At the same time, mindless repetitions cannot be treated as overlearning.  · time spent on learning It is important how long and how often repetitions and exercises are done. Frequent and short exercises are more efficient than rare and long ones (WoÃ… ºnicki, T./ Zawadzka, E. 1979: 30-40). 1.3 The characteristic of childrens memory Learning styles are various ways of learning. They involve education methods, characteristic for an individual, which are used by the individual to learn best. The alleged basis and efficacy for these proposals have been extensively criticized. Learning styles depend on individual preferences, and, according to Nail Fleming, such styles may be divided into four categories. The fist group is made of visual learners, who, as the term suggestsplies, receive most information visually. These learners have a tendency to do well at public schools because most of what they are taught is presented through visual teaching tools. They do well with visual aids like pictures. For visual learners, the easiest way to learn is watching and calling up visuals in their minds to remember what they studied in the past. They have a tendency toward appreciating arts: crafts, painting or drama. They tend to be creative and imaginative. The second group are auditory learnerswho tend to learn better through listening. They listen to instructions and follow them in such a way that they can gather large amounts of information and deal with it. Auditory learners are very good at listening to lectures and conversations for a longer time without getting bored. They are more concentrated than visual learners and may be more discerning and attentive in the class. They prefer to study with music in the background. These students may also be creative and imaginative. They are good at listening to information and reproducing it in their individual ways. Students with another style known as kinesthetic learning might be mistaken for too active in the classroom. They do not like waiting for information. They prefer to find things out for themselves without any prompts. They are the explorers who want to make new discoveries. They are quick to learn new things and do not mind being left on their own with a particular toy to find out how it works. They can be successful in practical tasks, such as carpentry and design. These children prefer doing rather than thinking. Homeschooling might be a better for these learners because regular classroom activities might not be interesting enough for them. The forth group consists of logical learners who think in a conceptual manner. They explore patterns and like to know how things work. They often ask questions and are good at puzzles, math problems, strategy games and computers. They understand abstract concepts faster than others. These students prefer inventing and building their own contraptions, for example, with toys (http://www.ehow.com/info_7881656_inventory-learning-styles-child.html#ixzz1MXMcJS9C). 1.3.1 Initial memorisation According to many researches, children have lots of problems when trying to remember and repeat parts of material or longer sentences. In a situation when a group of kindergarten children was asked to remember and repeat, they were passive and even did not take any action to do so. 8-year-old children are a slightly better and show some will to do what they were asked, although only the 10-year-old children and older pupils are able to deal with efficient memorization, data processing and are even able to organise new information to remember it better. According to this research, one can observe that at the beginning children can use only simple techniques and just after some time those techniques develop, become more complicated and fitted to individual preferences and styles. This fact is quite disturbing because during the very early school-years children are often required to remember mane, sometimes even complicated information like lyrics, grammar rules or definitions. On the o ther hand, children can easily learn their mother tongue, they widen their knowledge about society or nature quite fast. Children are often able to repeat the dialogue of their parents even if they seem not interested in it. In their first years, they are not aware of how their memory works. The flash memory term became very popular according to the discovered phenomena that some people have perfect perception and prefer things they saw rather than those which they listened to. It is a very important fact that children use flash memory in a metaphorical way because they mechanically transfer the received information to their memory. Everything seen by people is remembered for a very short time in their operation memory. For a long-term memorisation, it is useful to include various visual aids in the teaching process. Children are able to remember not only pictures but also many details from such pictures. However, sometimes a picture shown to a child may be slightly different, may h ave different colours or shapes (especially of those elements which amazed the child). Autistic children have a very efficient flash memory and after a few seconds they are able to memorise very complicated and detailed pictures; what is more, they do so without much effort. From the previously discussed research, one can deduct that only from the age of ten children can consciously memorise some facts for a longer time. More effective memory depends on which study techniques the child uses. Those study strategies consist of certain elements like: the level of consciousness and awareness of the aim the child is learning for and willingness the child hasmemorisation strategy effort used to learn a specific part of the material Sometimes it is very hard to prove which element from the ones mentioned above is used. It can be even said that children create memorization strategies in internalisation. Before a child creates its own technique of learning, a child cannot achieve better results in learning but when those strategies are already created, the child knows how to study to achieve his or her aim. Then, the process of memorisation becomes faster, easier and more efficient. After some time, children not only know how to learn faster but also can understand more and do this more freely. Nevertheless, at the age of six it is still very complicated for the young learner to organise material which has to be learnt, and this is why children start to repeat. Only nine-year-old children are consciously able to group certain pictures into categories to achieve better memorisation. To sum up, one can easily say that children develop their memorisation skills according to their age and in this process children reme mber those things which they pay attention to but it is short memory and at the same time hard memory which are used. Sensitivity on keeping memory on the alert and reaction do not depend on where this new information comes from (society, nature or their own body) but in case of children it is mainly automatically received and processed by their brain. This process happens quickly and almost without any effort and the teacher cannot see those processes and cannot stop or modify them. This process can be only stopped and controlled, but then it works much slower and requires some effort. What is more, a child has to be conscious of information and has to recognise it. To distinguish between automatic and controlled memorisation, one can distinguish three levels of the automatisation processes: the first level is dominated by the automatic use of information (also without paying attention) the second level is partially automatic when attention is not focused on information the third level is only rarely automatic but full attention is needed in this case ( E. Gruszczyk- KolczyÅ„ska, Ewa ZieliÅ„ska Wspomaganie dzieci w rozwoju zdolnoÅ›ci do skupiania uwagi i zapamiÄ™tywania WSiP Warszawa 2005: 52-68). 1.4 The theory how media influence children Media themselves may introduce lots of positive things but also the negative ones into the human life, shape attitudes and mentality of the young people. Furthermore, especially children may be easily influenced by commercials. Media contents are brought to people through the Internet, radio or television, and such media information consists of specific stimuli which affect brain, senses and create or change attitudes and ways of looking at the reality. The good side of the media is the fact that it is created for peoples development, making life more convenient, introducing social and personal values and causing that long distances are easier to overcome. As a result, even such aspects as education or culture are closer to various and separated nations. On the other hand, mass media become a kind of of a boundary or a cage in which a person is isolated from the others, as it may create a situation of misunderstanding and limit of ones social life which is then substituted with cyber space. Needless to say, the mass media caused radical reorganisation of the social life. In terms of education and upbringing of young generation, the media are creating new types of personalities, a sort of a new civilisation. This new generation of media-people is an inextricable part of the modern life, and can be source of many good, positive and improving aspects as well as bad, demoralising, violent and the ones encouraging unacceptable deviations. 1.4.1 Media in education The fact of striving for more effective ways of teaching is a main subject of many modern researches. Nowadays, in order to achieve the goal it is natural to use the most entertaining and universal tools like the Internet and other mass media. Thanks to these tools, learning can be more pleasant and successful for the learners and also easier and less effort-requiring for the teachers. More and more modern teaching techniques make education up-to-date and allow for leaving (old) traditional methods in education and introduce the modern model of integration of education with entertainment. In this context, education becomes a product, (almost a technological device), a source of educational tools and an incentive for the unconscious learning. Media may be easily and freely used not only in school teaching but also in private, out-school or even global, social, personal and cultural training. They can provide news, information and educational content using all possible multilingual tools. What is more, this kind of instrument has certain aspects which are singled out by Henryk GrudzieÅ„ in his work Media jako skÅ‚adnik procesu dydaktyczno-wychowawczego: direct influence this means that especially television programs and films immediately influence their audience (human emotions and intellect) building-up influence means building up information, associations and feelings connected with films or TV programs which cause some changes in the human psyche subconscious influence similar to the one above, but the audience is not conscious of changes in its attitudes because at the beginning the audience refuses the given way of thinking due to its unsuitable content and after some time its resistance disappears. Media also have a tremendous influence on the lifestyle of the young people, and they affect lots of spheres of young peoples lives, for example: the effect on the way that somebody behaves (making decisions, aggressive behaviour, social actions etc.) the effect on the level of knowledge (level of information, range of knowledge, level of communication skills etc.) the influence on attitude (believes, religion, judging of other people, etc.) the influence on physical fitness (damaging of senses, lack of motion, addiction) The processes mentioned above depend on many conditions such as age, psyche, actual situation in ones life, level of knowledge, weather, place of receiving such information or influences, company or gender. For example, the most influential may be a film watched in a cinema where the level of focus is very high, a bit weaker may be television and the weakest the radio. 1.4.2 The Internet in childrens education Nobody can deny that modern technology has changed and revolutionized education. Teachers have also quickly adjusted their teaching methods in a response to new technology because gadgets in the classroom can create a more interesting, interactive and entertaining environment. If schools strive to keep up with technological trends, then the learning that takes place there becomes more relevant and meaningful for the learners. The Internet and computer knowledge and literacy of major software programs is no longer reserved only for higher educational systems or special trade schools in the modern society. ( http://www.ehow.com/about_5410187_uses-modern-technology-classroom-teaching.html#ixzz1Iai4xP5X) Many children, when going to school, deal with individual difficulties on the basis of their opportunities. Nowadays, from the very early age, children get used to computers, the Internet and other modern technologies. The access and the use of the Internet fulfil many of the aims of education. What is more, it broadens childrens mind horizons, gives them a sense responsibility, builds up their self-esteem and develops their autonomy. A big advantage of the Web is its easy access and lack of duty to have a face-to-face contact. The author of the book Special educational needs and the Internet: issues for the inclusive classroom Chris Abbott claims that there are four principles and each one proves that websites and the Internet have become an influential tool for teaching as the pupils are: Informed The Internet is a source of information and news used in topic work, planning visits, web sites pictures of classmates work, connection with other pupils even outside the school, village or town and also link with past friends. Involved In the virtual tour, in preparing material, in creating and sharing their ideas; in group with the integrated activities where physical presence is not significant. Empowered enabling access for children with any physical difficulties, various tools, e-mails Recognised pictures on websites of the children and their work, whiles of the school council meeting, aiding successes and building self-esteem. (111-112) The Internet has a large part to play in the future education of the young people. In this book, the author included many useful tips when using computers in teaching young learners. For example, the page a teacher wants to use should be put on the screen before children come into the classroom. What is very important, computers should be set in a way so that the children cannot open unauthorized sites and also it is important to remind the children of behaving in a good way to prevent the pupils from running to get to the computers first. It is also useful to create a list of computer room rules. Wherever possible, there should be no more than three pupils per one computer. If children cannot see the screen, they may quickly lose interest in their school work and may not be willing to learn. All these elements can make children more concentrated and make learning more effective (C. Abbott Special educational needs and the Internet: issues for the inclusive classroom New York 2002).