Colonel Thaddeus Kosciusko - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 390 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/04/26 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: American Revolution Essay Did you like this example? In 1763 the Great britain spent 60 Million dollars on the colonies to protect then from the French.So the Great Britain asked for some money cause they were in depth and the colonies said no. The Great Britain was not very happy so they taxed them.In 1764 the Great Britain started something called the sugar act forcing the colonists to import sugar exclusively from the British and to pay things for them.Then one year later they made the extremely bad Stamp act and it was not cool. They stamped every paper someone bought. The whole thing actually messed up there business and a couple years later they stopped the stamp act.But in 1766 the British started something called the Declaratory act.After in 1767 they started something called the townshend acts.They stamped everything.Once again the americans raided the British goods and they had to quit .They stopped taxing everything but tea.Then they sent 1000 troops to boston to take over and made the colonists pay for them. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Colonel Thaddeus Kosciusko" essay for you Create order Saratoga is short for two battles that handed the grace to the British invasion from Canada during the War. After takeing Fort ticonderoga with almost beat the British army led by way to confident general John Burgoyne walked south at a sloth speed , giving the Americans time to get back to gether under Horatio Gates. To help him leader george washington sent benedict donald his great commander Colonel Daniel Morgan and his regiment of virginia shooting group and 2 of contents from the Hudson High lands . They brought up the strong Gates strong to about sixty five hundred troops . Same important was Colonel Thaddeus Kosciusko the 19 British General John Burgoyne achieved a small but important victory over American armys led by Horatio Gates and Benedict Arnold. Though his troop strength had been weakened. Burgoyne again went for the Americans at Bemis Heights on October 7th, but this time was beat and forced to give up. The constitution of the United States of America is signed by 38 out of only 41 present at the conclusion of the Constitutionin Phili people of the document waged a hardwon fight to win by the only necessary 9 out of 13 american states.Of course after the war they still had some problems but the war was done and we had independence.The constition is held in washington till this day.

The Cask Of Amontillado And The Tell Tale Heart - 1366 Words

Edgar Allan Poe is acknowledged today as one of the most brilliant writers and masters of horrors in American literature. This can be seen in his two short stories â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† and â€Å"The Tell-Tale-Heart†. Both of these stories are written in first person and ends with their victim s death. These stories contain many similarities and differences in term of the characters, theme, mood, irony, setting, confession, and the reason for committing murder. Both of these tales have a narrator that gave ambiguous and shallow reason for their murders. In the Tell-Tale-Heart, it is the old man s â€Å"eye of vulture† (1) that terrified him. The narrator liked the old man, but his eye disturbed him deeply that made him to commit the crime.†¦show more content†¦The narrator’s action in dealing the old man s body is devious and gives the audience chillness. In â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† Montresor uses Fortunato’s weakness of alcohol and lures him to his death by burying alive. He states at the end, â€Å"I hastened to make an end of my labour. I forced the last stone into its position; I plastered it up†(6). His method of revenge is inhumane as well. He buries Fortunato alive without any empathy. The difference between those murders are, the old man had a quick and painless death, he didn t had time to suffer like Fortunato, whereas Fortunate had a long and painful death. The story takes in completely different setting, and the characters have different social and economic status. â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† the setting takes place in Italy during the carnival season, in the night of madness where people are unaware of their surroundings. Montresor took the advantage of the season and tried to end his vengeance feeling toward Fortunato by killing. He is retelling the story after 50 years to someone. In â€Å"The-Tell-Tale-Heart†, the narrator is retelling the story, presumably in prison after murdering an innocent old man. Montresor is a wealthy and educated man judging by his servants and large palazzo. He came from a well-respected family as he mentions â€Å"The Montresor were a great and numerous family†(2). This shows his ancestors were wealthy from the beginning. The narrator in the â€Å"Tell-Tale Heart†Show MoreRelatedThe Tell Tale Heart And The Cask Of Amontillado1153 Words   |  5 PagesRecently, I have read two short stories: The Tell-Tale Heart and the Cask of Amontillado, both by Edgar Allan Poe. I am going to compare and contrast these 2 stories by showing you how different yet similar they are. I believe that if you dig down deep enough you will find that even if you didn t know that they were both written by Edgar Allan Poe, you would have been able to guess it. He has a distinct style of writing. Many, if not all, of his short stories have unwelcoming endings and a sortRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado And The Tell Tale Heart Analysis1052 Words   |  5 Pages Edgar Allan Poe is a prominent writer who wrote many peculiar and uncanny short stories and poems. One of the stories Poe wrote, â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart,† published in 1843, is about a narrator who is paranoid about an old man’s eye, so he decides to eradicate it. Another story by Poe, â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado,† published in 1846, is about a narrator who seeks revenge on his friend because, in the past, he was insulted by him. Both stories contain narrators, which are mentally unstable, but the narrator’sRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado, The Raven And The Tell Tale Heart1613 Words   |  7 Pagespicks words to strike horror and dread. Through his writing, Poe has become one who will never be forgotten. He will always be remembered as one of the pivotal writers in the romantic period of writing. In his works â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado†, â€Å"The Raven†, and â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart†, he strategically describes people, event s, and places for his readers to feel the full effect and emotion he wants. To understand how Edgar Allan Poe utilized descriptive paragraphs and so carefully picked his words, weRead More Comparison Between â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† and â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart†2120 Words   |  9 Pageschilling literature. Two most notable thrillers are â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† and â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart†. Poe was infatuated with death, disfigurement, and dark characteristics of the world. He could mix characters, setting, theme,and mood in a way that readers are automatically drawn into reading. Both of these short stories have the same major aspects in common. The narrators in both works prove to be similar in several ways. In â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† the story is told through a psycho narrator; bothRead MoreThe Tell Tale Heart And The Cask Of Amontillado Short Story1253 Words   |  6 PagesRecently, I have read two short stories: The Tell-Tale Heart and the Cask of Amontillado, both by Edgar Allan Poe. I am going to compare and contrast these 2 stories by showing you how different yet similar they are. I believe that if you dig down deep enough you will find that even if you didnt know that they were both written by Edgar Allan Poe, you would have been able to guess it. He has a distinct style of writing. Many, if not all, of his short stories have unwelcoming endings and a sortRead MoreA Comparison of Poes A Tell Tale Heart and The Cask of Amontillado 535 Words   |  3 Pagesfor murder, the methods of murder, and the preparation for the murder. In the Tell Tale Heart there is a silly reason for murder. The man kills an old man because he has a form of cataract. He complains about his eye being milky and it being evil. The killer also seems to suffered from schizophrenia and severe OCD. In the end the killer hears the beating of the man’s heart after he is dead. In the Cask of Amontillado the killer gives the reason of murder to be an insult. Although the killer seemsRead MoreA Comparison of Poes Short Stories, The Cask of Amontillado and The Tell Tale Heart773 Words   |  4 PagesI have read both short stories by Edgar Allen Poe, ‘the Cask of Amontillado, as well as ‘the Tell Tale Heart. Between these two stories lie many similarities and few differences. For instance, both of these stories the narrator describes a murder. In the Cask, the narrator Montressor, whose sanity is questionable, describes the way he murdered his rival Fortunato. The man Fortunato, who isn’t all that fortunate in death, has insulted Montressor many times and Montressor seeks revenge for so longRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe s `` The Cask Of Amontillado `` And `` A Tell Tale Heart ``1091 Words   |  5 PagesReaders Response Edgar Allan Poe is an American writer who is famous for his tales and poems of horror, and mystery. Mr. Poe s short stories and poems captured the imagination and interest of readers around the world. His creative talents led to the beginning of different literary genres earning him the nickname Father of the Detective Story among other distinctions. His life however, has become a bit of a mystery itself, and the lines between fact and fiction have been blurred substantiallyRead More Comparing Edgar Allen Poes The Cask of Amontillado, The Black Cat, and The Tell-tale Heart752 Words   |  4 PagesComparing Edgar Allen Poes The Cask of Amontillado, The Black Cat, and The Tell-tale Heart The short stories of Edgar Allen Poe demonstrate the authors ample gifts in the psychology of the mind, regardless of the fact he was decades ahead of Freud.   Poes short stories are often from the deranged and murderous point-of-view of the narrator, who often illustrates the inner-workings of his own psychology and the disintegration of the self brought about by psychological disorders, aberrationsRead MoreRole of Realism in Edagar Allan Poe ´s The Tell Tale Heart and The Cask of Amortillado1014 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The Tell Tale Heart† and â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† written by Edgar Allan Poe are dark short stories relevant to murder, revenge, and mystery. Poe writes both stories in a Gothic style in order to deal with ideas of realism. One may ask were the murders and punishments justifiable in either short story? One may also ask did Poe accurately depict realism in each story? Realism, defined as a technique in literature that accurately represents everyday life, is questioned in Poe’s works: â€Å"The Tell Tale

Cause of homelessness free essay sample

Homelessness in Australia can be defined in three categories; ‘Primary homelessness’ which is experienced by people without conventional accommodation, ‘Secondary homelessness’ is experienced by people who frequently move from one temporary shelter to another and ‘Tertiary homelessness’ which is experienced by people staying in accommodation that falls below minimum community standards. The first stimuli picture shows a person who is living though primary homelessness, living on the streets with only a few blankets to sleep with. Homeless people generally feel embarrassed, isolated and depressed; they are also cold, hungry and become lonely. They usually need medical attention, medications, blanket, clothing and in need of a friendship. In Australia there are 105, 237 people affected by homelessness and 27% of them are under 18. There are 59% of them either living in overcrowded dwelling or supported accommodation and the other 41% are living on the streets or in boarding houses specify designed for the homeless. There are many causes that lead to homelessness in Australia, some of which include; long term unemployment, shortage of affordable rental housing, poverty, mental illness and the exiting of state care or prison. Domestic violence is the largest cause of homelessness in Australia. Homelessness can also be caused by family breakdown, sexual assault, drug and alcohol addictions, gambling and social isolation. Some people especially adolescences are homeless because they were kicked out of home, have a lack of education or were abandoned by their family and friends. Homelessness usually results in being away from family, friends and the rest of the community so it is difficult to maintain school or further study which leads to them being vulnerable to long term unemployment and chronic ill-health. Homeless Australians are often excluded from participating in social, recreational, cultural and economic opportunities. All of these present factors of homelessness led to people having depression, poor nutrition, poor dental health, substance abuse, mental health issues and may even results in suicide. Children who experience homelessness are more likely to become homeless as adults and raise families who, in turn, may also become homeless. The causes and consequences of homelessness are also talked about throughout the New and Old Testament. Showing us that over time, the injustice of homelessness has not changed, we are still fighting the same battles. In the bible passage by Isaiah (58:7) in the Old Testament he writes, â€Å"Is it not to share your food with the hungry and to provide the poor wanderer with shelter when you see the naked, to clothe them and not to turn away from your own flesh and blood? † The injustice issue of homelessness is discussed in this passage; it explains that to be a true catholic means sharing and giving to the poor and not to turn away from them just because they are without homes. The second bible passage that relates to homelessness is a passage from Matthew (8:20) in the New Testament, where he writes â€Å"Jesus replied, â€Å"Foxes have dens and birds have nests, but the Son of Man has no place to lay his head. † Matthew is telling us that Jesus was comparing animals having homes to people having none and how that is unfair. Both scripture references relate to the issue of homelessness in contemporary society as people are still being sent to the streets while animals are being put in homes and people are still looking down on the homeless and not fulfilling their roles as Catholics. Also both scripture reference relate to the beatitude â€Å"Blessed are the meek, for they shall inherit the earth, which means bless the poor (homeless) as they are a part of the earth. As well as homelessness issues being discussed in the bible, we as Catholics also learn about homelessness from the catholic social teaching. Catholic Social Teaching, are the teachings of the Church on social justice issues. One of the Catholic Social Teaching is ‘Human Dignity Human Rights’ teaching. The concept of Human Dignity is the main concern of Catholics thinking about human rights. The Catholic Church believes that each person is created in the image and likeness of God and is therefore equal in dignity and equal rights. Human dignity is absolute: a person does not ever lose their dignity, example; from being in poverty. Respecting ones dignity implies that the individual has access to the basic necessities of life which enable them to live humanly, which homeless people do not, as in most cases they are living in rough conditions (e.  g. on the street with no shelter). Papal social teaching refers to the teachings of the Popes throughout history that have dealt with the social issues of human life. The Papal teaching by Pope John XXIII in 1961demonstated Catholic’s views on human dignity and human rights, this is stated when he wrote, â€Å"The amount a worker receives must be sufficient, in proportion to available funds, to allow him and his family a standard of living consistent with human dignity. † This can be evident though the reaching out to those in need e. g. The homeless and giving employees a sufficient pay to be able to live a for filled life. Another of the Catholic Social Teaching is ‘The Common good’ teaching, it tells us that the rights and needs of others, individuals and the community must be balanced with the common good and always respected. The Papal teaching written by Pope John Paul II In 1990 discusses the Common good, when it states, â€Å"this love of preference for the poor, and the decisions which it inspires in us, cannot but embrace the immense multitudes of the hungry, the homeless†. This could be demonstrated by caring for the homeless and by showing the homeless that we can help them and that we respect them. One catholic organisation working to solve the issue of homelessness in Australia is St. Vincent De Paul. One catholic organisation working with injustices such as homelessness, in Australia is St. Vincent de Paul and its ‘Matthew Talbot Homeless Services’. Its aims include, being strongly committed to a range of issues that put men, women and families at risk of homelessness. Its activities include; having13 services for single homeless men including the Matthew Talbot hostel and outreach services in the inner city. The hostel caters for 100 men each night, has 80 outreach beds and help for those with mental health issues. The service also has special initiatives for women and children and up to 20 families who are escaping domestic violence and / or homelessness. The service is committed to helping those who are homeless, addressing issues of alcohol and other drug usage and to breaking the cycle of homelessness and domestic violence. The Matthew Talbot Homeless Service achieves their goals for helping the homeless though their activities and projects. Homelessness is a major social injustice in contemporary Australian society, The Scripture references, Social Catholic Teachings and Papal teachings also show that homelessness has been an issue for Catholics thought history and though the help of Catholic organisations the issue of homelessness is being fought and will hopefully one day is won. ESSAY TWO A well know catholic figure that is actively engaged in social justice issues in Australia is Father Chris Riley. Social justice refers to the formation of a just society, where justice refers to more than just the administration of laws, it is the idea of a society in which all individuals and groups are treated fairly and equally. Issues with social justice refer to when individuals or groups are not being treating with the same basic human rights as someone else, e. g. people who are homeless or in poverty. Father Chris Riley is a priest who has devoted his life to working with social injustice issues such as homelessness. Father Chris Riley (Riley) grew up in Victoria and at the age of 14 decided that he wanted to work with homeless young people. He was influenced by the 1938 movie Boys Town, which was loosely based on the work of Father Edward Flanagan. Straight from school Riley joined the Salesian religious order to become a Catholic priest and after graduating as a teacher and taking his vows, he worked for two years with the Boy’s Town charity in Sydney. While working at a school in Sydney later on in life, he saw one of the students crying in the freezing rain, this led him to working with that student and many other homeless people. This resulted in Father Chris Riley setting up the Youth of the Streets to help the chronically homeless, a highly successful organisation that has become known worldwide. Father Chris Riley is the founder and CEO of the organization dedicated to helping young Australians in trouble for the past 35 years. As CEO of Youth Off The Streets, Father Riley oversees the operation of over 35 programs that employ over 180 staff and involve more than 250 volunteers. He has also implemented innovative behaviour strategies to help young people deal with a history of trauma, abuse and neglect. Youth Off the Streets first started with a single food van run by Riley, delivering meals to young homeless people on the street of Kings Cross, now the organisation is running four high school crisis accommodation, rehabilitation facilities, counselling and parenting programs in New South Wales. His work as a priest and a principle at Boys Town High in Sydney led him to pursue the work he is achieving now and without that experience Father Chris Riley would not be working with youth who are faced with social justice issues. Riley now spends hours on the road driving to different charities and organizations and working with the social injustice of homelessness on a day to day basis. Getting released from Boy’s Town school to work on the streets with homeless youth with one van, it’s believe that there is no such thing as a child born bad, it is only bad circumstances, bad environments such as violent household or broken families that consequently led to bad choices made by the child, that has made him so successful. Social injustice is when individuals or groups are not being treating with the same basic human rights as someone else. An Australian Catholic figure, Father Chris Riley works with social justice issues such as homelessness, though his organisation Youth Off The Streets. His religious identity and life experiences led him to work in this area. His passion and strong believe in what’s right has meant that he has successfully helped thousands of people rehabilitate and go on to lead a happy and fulfilling life.

The Unbearable Lightness of Being

Most works of fiction borrow from historical events. Therefore, for anyone to understand a particular work of literature, he/she has to be familiar with its historical context. â€Å"The Unbearable Lightness of Being† is a novel set in Czechoslovak. This means that it would help the reader if he/she has an understanding of Czechoslovak’s history.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Unbearable Lightness of Being specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Milan Kundera the author of this book disagrees with this notion. The author maintains that the events that transpire in his novel do not necessarily reflect the history of Czechoslovak. Even if this was the case, there is still an undeniable relationship between history and fiction in â€Å"The Unbearable Lightness of Being†. This paper will explore this relationship in a detailed manner. Kundera, the author of â€Å"The Unbearable Lightness of Beingà ¢â‚¬  has previously dismissed the notion that all history can be explained rationally. The author had lived through the dictatorship of the Soviet Union. In his opinion, the absurdities and cruelties he encountered when this regime came to force, could not be explained rationally. For instance, he questioned the drive behind Russia’s bid for world domination. His argument was that there were no prior events or circumstances that could help explain the rationale behind Russia’s actions. The author believes history is basically made of existential situations. Following the author’s way of thinking, there is a way to describe Soviet Czechoslovak existentially. It can be defined by its location, political situation, historical background, communist influence, and culture. Therefore, the circumstances faced by most of the characters in â€Å"The Unbearable Lightness of Being† coincide with the above definitions. For instance, submission to Soviet authority, flight from political intolerance, and self-exile are all circumstances that can be easily related to Czechoslovak’s history. In his book, Kundera notes that incase the French Revolution was to happen again, Robespierre’s contribution would be compromised. This is because the circumstances surrounding this revolution have been belittled by authors and historians. Kundera quips that â€Å"years of revolution have turned into mere words, theories, and discussions†¦frightening no one† (Kundera 4). The author is wrong by making this assumption. Robespierre is not dead and gone. The only thing Robespierre has done is to assume different forms. To some he is a hero and yet to others he is a frightening villain who goes around cutting off people’s heads. Whenever a historical turmoil is over, the people who come after it has happened can only approach it from a historical perspective.Advertising Looking for essay on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The same is true of the Czechoslovak in â€Å"The Unbearable Lightness†. The author had a firsthand experience with the situation when it happened. Therefore, his â€Å"fiction† cannot be likened to that of a today’s author on the same subject. This is probably why Kundera felt that literature and history could not be compatible. For instance, the author feels that literature either overstates or understates history. His claim that Robespierre is two different entities is understandable. The Robespierre who â€Å"occurs only once in history† is very hard to locate (Kundera 4). However, many other variations of the character only mislead actual history. Kundera argues that one cannot rely on fiction to be an accurate representation of history. This is because when everybody is busy condemning those who colluded with the Nazi, a new breed of the â€Å"Nazi† is currently under form ation. The only difference is that fiction and history cannot recognize it as it happens. All the main characters in this novel can also relate to history in the course of their â€Å"lightness†. The main character, Tomas, is a surgeon who lives his life through a controversial moral code. Tereza, the woman he subsequently falls in love with also struggles with her lightness of being. Sabina, Tomas’ mistress is a free spirited woman who later is separated with the pair. All these characters’ lives are disrupted by the events that transpire in Czechoslovak. Whenever an author creates characters, he/she does so by either drawing from personal experiences or by inference. Therefore, it is likely that Kundera’s characters were sourced from his personal experiences. This would directly imply that they have some relevance in relation to his history. The characters in this novel are interwoven with the ideas of lightness and weight. These ideas are developed in great depth throughout the book. The philosophy behind â€Å"The Unbearable Lightness of Being† was something the author must have encountered around the time this book was published. If this was the case, this philosophy most likely had some ties to the history of the time. This is true because other authors during this period also addressed this philosophy of weight and lightness. It is likely that there are certain factors that made this philosophy relevant in Czechoslovak at that time. This would tie the subject matter of this book to the history of this country. When Joseph Stalin died, the situation in the Soviet Union began to change. The existent totalitarian authority started to relax gradually. During this time, open protests that were challenging the policies of the Soviet Union began rising. This demand for reform came to a climax when a leader of the Communist Party in Czechoslovak was deposed in 1967. Alexander Dubcek replaced the overthrown leader and immediate ly began a campaign to change policies.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Unbearable Lightness of Being specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This wave of reforms continued until the Soviet tanks invaded Prague in 1968. Soon after, the totalitarian policies began being reinstated. Kundera was himself against a totalitarian government. â€Å"The Joke† is a novel published by Kundera and it featured subtle criticisms of communism. He was also opposed to the censorship employed by the system. At one point, he urged his fellow writers not to submit to censorship. In addition, he was an active member of intellectual groups that protested against the Soviet rule. The Soviet Union responded to Kundera’s actions by revoking his publishing rights. The authorities also gave him a chance to go on a self-exile. He eventually went to a self-exile in France where he continued to write. He later attributed his self- exile to hopelessness. Before this second invasion of 1967, the war against totalitarianism was almost won. However, when the military tanks showed up, the hope of ever gaining freedom waned. It is apparent that the concerns expressed in â€Å"The Unbearable Lightness of Being† are reflective of the situation in Czechoslovak in the 1960s. During this period, the Soviet Union’s grip on Czechoslovak was too strong to be challenged. This might have prompted several individuals to lack their meaning of existence. Therefore, like most of Kundera’s characters, most citizens were experiencing the â€Å"unbearable lightness of being†. Moreover, just like in the book some of them fled while others chose to fight this feeling. During the time when Soviet Union’s rule flourished in Czechoslovak, the debate on self-exile was rife. There were those who felt that instead of exiling themselves, they had the option of staying behind and fighting. The argument behi nd this action was that by leaving, one lost his/her authenticity. There were also those who felt that it was possible to continue the fight even when they were in exile. Kundera seems to justify his choice to go to exile through this book. He faced counter arguments from his fellow intellects at the time like Jan Patocka and Vaclav Havel. The two were opposed to self-exile. It has been argued that â€Å"The Unbearable Lightness of Being† was a justification of Kundera’s personal choices. When this question was forwarded to the author, he admitted that the characters in this book represent his â€Å"unrealized possibilities†. However, he was quick to clarify that the book is not by any means a â€Å"confession† but an investigation into the human life. All this argument proves that the situation in Czechoslovak had an immense influence on the subject matter of this book. â€Å"The Unbearable Lightness of Being† is a valid reaction to historical eve nts. Kundera’s beliefs were themselves heavily influenced by circumstances in history. The author was seemingly aware of the implications history had on his literature. This is why he argued that events in history should not compromise any individual’s capacity to make well-informed choices. The author argues that overreliance in history can lead people to flawed judgments.Advertising Looking for essay on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The fiction used in this book is closely related to historical facts. The author uses this relationship to help show that even when faced by lightness of being, one can still achieve authenticity. The book strongly suggests that authenticity cannot be tested by either oppression or totalitarianism (Kundera 224). The author of this novel tries to avoid being tied to historical facts. However, he still manages to deliver the facts about lightness of being while leaning on history Works Cited Kundera, Milan. The Unbearable Lightness of Being, New York, NY: Harper, 2004. Print. This essay on The Unbearable Lightness of Being was written and submitted by user Alexandra Bray to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Addiction Essay 4 Essays

Addiction Essay 4 Essays Addiction Essay 4 Essay Addiction Essay 4 Essay INTRODUCTION Addiction is a chronic disorder proposed to be precipitated by a combination of genetic, biological/pharmacological and social factors. Addiction is a compulsion to repeat a behavior regardless of its consequences (Webster, 2003). Addiction is often characterized by a craving for more of the drug or behavior, increased physiological tolerance to exposure, and withdrawal symptoms in the absence of the stimulus (NIDA, 2008). The purpose of this paper is to review a recently published book that focuses on family involvement in addiction. The book selected for this project was, â€Å"The Science of Addiction: From Neurobiology to Treatment† by Dr. Carlton (Carl) K. Erickson. Dr. Erickson is a research scientist studying the effects of alcohol on the brain for over 30 years. He received his Ph. D. degree in pharmacology from Purdue University in 1965 and taught and preformed research at The University of Kansas and The University of Texas since 1969. He presently is the Pfizer Centennial Professor of Pharmacology and Director of the Addiction Science Research and Education Center in the College of Pharmacy at the University of Texas at Austin. Dr. Erickson is a published professional with over 150 scientific articles and co-authored multiple books on addiction and drug abuse. As a neuroscientist, he believes that addictions are neurochemical disorders. Although, in 1988 the United States Supreme Court declared alcoholism to be willful misconduct (Gerde, 2005), Dr. Erickson bases his belief on decades of comprehensive genetic and neurobiological research that provided evidence that addiction is a disease of the brain with genetic connection. He believes if the addiction is diagnosed early it can be treated successfully. Dr. Erickson is more than qualified to speak on the subject of addiction and any subtopics related to addition. Dr. Ericksons book is written to a general audience and easy to understand. The book provides a clear and detailed overview of current neurobiological information and treatment programs for addiction based solely on science and provides a brief description of genetics. According to Dr. Erickson there have been possible causative genes identified. He emphasizes in his book that any treatment approach cannot rely on pharmacological solutions alone and that treatment must be individualized, but does not go into great detail. Although, he does refer to group, individual and family counseling his main focus is pharmaceutical treatment. The first chapter of the book clarifies the terminology used throughout the book. The next 7 chapters provide a crash course in the basics of the brain, the anatomy and neurobiology of addiction, genetics and pharmacology. Chapter 8 lists various treatment programs offered for the most widespread addictions to include several types of counseling methods and pharmaceutical treatments. Dr. Erickson focuses on addiction as a disease process and dismisses most psychological aspects of the addicted person, claiming the addicted person is not responsible for their condition. Dr. Ericksons simply ignores other research and evidence that support a psychological bases for addiction. Although there has been no clear-cut cause identified for addiction, research has identified numerous factors as potential causes. Potential cause are everything from genetic, physiological, biochemical, social and prenatal factors to emotional conflicts, personality traits, learned behavior and stress. His treatment modalities focus on pharmacological treatments disregarding the psychological piece of prevention and treatment not to mention free will and moral responsibility. Scientific research supports addiction as a disease and also supports the idea that there are psychological factors present as potential causative factors as well as plays a significant role in prevention and treatment, (SAMSHA, 2004). According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) family does influence prevention and treatment. One of the individual factors related to successful prevention and treatment include motivation to change drug-using behavior and the degree of support from family and friends is crucial. It is important for the families to be part of treatment. They need to be referred to support groups designed to helping them understand their role is intertwined in the addiction. These groups will provide education about the disease in general and how they will assist in treatment. Although, Dr. Erickson has valid scientific research on the topic of addiction and his research is accepted in the medical community his treatment modalities lacks the whole person concept. NIDA agrees addiction is a disease of the brain because addiction changes the brain’s structure and how the brain works. NIDA explains, the initial decision to indulge in addictive behavior is voluntary, but over time the individual’s ability to exert self control is seriously impaired. Dr. Erickson’s book implies the primary and only contributing factor to addictive behavior is genetic. This is in contrast to NIDA research. NIDA expresses that there are many factors contributing to an individual susceptibility in displaying addictive behavior range from physical make up to environmental influences. According to NIDA only about 40% of the total contributing factors are possibly genetic the rest is psychological, environmental and by choice. The influence of the home environment is in most cases a significant influence. Parents or older family members who abuse alcohol or drugs can increase an individual’s risk of developing their own addictive behaviors. NIDA does support the ideas that addiction is a treatable disease. With the discoveries in science and research there have been many advances in addictive treatment. Like other chronic diseases, addiction can be managed successfully. Research shows that combining medications with behavioral therapy is the best way to ensure success for most patients. NIDA and Dr. Erickson agree that treatment approaches must be tailored to address each individual, but differ on the appropriate care plan. Behavioral treatments are recognized by the medical community as an essential part of addiction treatment. Behavioral treatment assists in modifying an individual attitudes and behaviors related to their addiction and increasing their skills to handle stressful circumstances and environmental cues that may trigger intense craving and enhance the effectiveness of medications (SAMSHA, 2004). Getting an addicted person to stop is just one part of the treatment and recovery process. Addiction has disrupted how they function in their family lives, at work and in the community. Because addiction can affect so many aspects of an individuals life, treatment must address the needs of the entire individual to be successful. Treatment need to meet the individual’s medical, psychological, social, vocational, religious and legal needs (Capuzzi Stauffer, 2008). This is why the best programs incorporate a variety of services into their treatment program. Successful treatment programs across the U. S. include cognitive behavioral, group and family therapies as well as motivational incentives. Cognitive behavioral therapy helps individuals recognize, avoid, and cope with the situations in which they are most likely to fall into addictive behaviors. Motivational incentives use positive reinforcement such as providing rewards or rivileges for appropriate behaviors such as for attending and participating in counseling sessions, or for taking medications as prescribed. Group therapy helps individual face their addiction realistically and come to terms with its harmful consequences, and boost their motivation. Family therapy uses the family strength to assist the individual to find resources to continue in treatment (NIDA, 2008). Dr. Erickson is definitely a qualified professional in the field of addiction and has the credentials in his field of study. He is an accepted expert and member of the medical community. Although, Dr. Erickson’s book â€Å"The Science of Addiction: From Neurobiology to Treatment† has valid research and support from the medical community it has areas in conflict with the medical community as a whole in the area of contributing factors for addiction and treatment modalities. His research on the contributing factors for addiction is validated by the medical and research communities, but is lacking in the complete picture of addiction including other contributing factors such as environment, psychological factors and treatment modalities other then pharmacological treatment. He does make some mention of counseling and therapy, but focuses mostly on pharmacological treatments and therapies. Dr. Erickson’s book did not add to or detract from the text used for this course. The information in Dr. Erickson’s book was straight forward and easy to follow, but could be misleading or misinterpreted simply by not including all factors related to the cause of addiction and treatment. His book was consistent with most other addiction research, but did not follow the line when it came to the whole person concept in causes and treatment. This could possibly be due to the fact that Dr. Erickson has a degree in pharmacology and is a Professor of Pharmacology. His views may be biased as a result of his profession. Although, Dr. Erickson has some differing views his research is valid and does provide useful information to base addiction research, prevention and treatment. Although, this book did not directly focus on family involvement in addition it did focus on the genetic link to addiction which is part of the theory linking family to the root of addictive behaviors. REFERENCES Capuzzi, D. Stauffer, M. (2008). Foundations of Addictions Counseling. Prentice Hall: Upper Saddle River, NJ Erickson, C. (2007). The Science of Addiction: From Neurobiology to Treatment. W. W. Norton Company, Inc: New York, NY Gerde, L. (2005). Addiction : Opposing Viewpoints. Greenhaven: San Diego Ca Merriam-Websters Collegiate Dictionary, 11th Edition (2003). Merriam-Webster: Springfield, MA NIDA (2008). The Science of Drug Abuse Addiction. Retrieved 10 August 2008, from drugabuse. gov// SAMSHA (October 4, 2004). Addiction Treatment Should Include Family Therapy Practical Guidelines for Counselors. Retrieved 15 August 2008, from www. samhsa. gov/

How to Write a Formal Essay †Get your Sophistication on! BestEssay.education

How to Write a Formal Essay – Get your Sophistication on! How to Write a Formal Essay – Get your Sophistication on! Much of the essay and paper writing that you do in school is formal. And you are writing formal essays all the time without realizing it – you just may not be getting the grades you should, because you don’t fully understand the nature of these types of essays, as opposed to other types. Here you will find all that you need to know about formal essay writing. First, to Define Formal Essay Writing The formal essay is, above all, objective and impersonal. It is a piece of writing that explains, that informs, that compares and contrasts, and that may also attempt to persuade. These type of essays are contrasted with such pieces as a narrative (telling a story) or a personal statement essay that a student might write for college or graduate school admissions. Think of the difference between using the pronoun â€Å"I† and the pronoun â€Å"he† or â€Å"one.† That is perhaps the simplest method of differentiating between formal and informal essays. The other difference between formal writing and informal writing is usually that formal types are based upon factual evidence and data, while informal types are based upon emotion, stories, and un-supported beliefs/views. The Formal Essay Format A formal essay must be at least five paragraphs long and consist of an introduction, at least 3 body paragraphs and a conclusion. This probably sounds familiar to you; however, remember, that a personal statement essay also has the same format. Again, the difference is being personal or impersonal and objective. The Introduction: Obviously, this is the opening paragraph of your essay. It begins with some type of highly engaging sentence – a startling statistic, a quotation from a related famous expert on the topic, or a question that piques interest. The introduction must also state the topic and the thesis. Any formal essay must have a thesis statement, which provides the point you are trying to make. The thesis is usually the final sentence of the introduction. The Body: These are the paragraphs that will provide the information, evidence, etc. to prove your thesis statement. There may be any number, but there must be at least 3, and each must begin with a topic sentence. The Conclusion: Wrap up your points to demonstrate that your thesis is valid. Writing a Formal Essay of Various Types The structure and format for a formal will always be the same, no matter what type of essay you are writing. Here are some examples of formal essay topics based upon purpose/type: Expository: Explain the life cycle of a virus once it enters the human body. Definition: Define justice as it relates to our current court system in the U.S. Analysis: Analyze the poem, â€Å"The Raven† by Edgar Allen Poe Comparison/Contrast: Contrast the health care systems in the U.S. and Germany. Process: Explain the process by which ocean water is de-salinized Persuade: Convince an audience that prison privatization is a bad idea Contrast these topics with the following topics that are personal and informal. Describe a significant event in your life that impacted your belief system. Recall a time when you met with failure. Describe how and why you think you failed. What did you learn? Learning how to write a formal essay is not difficult – you already know the format. The key is to keep it objective – just the facts!

Explain how oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported by the blood Assignment

Explain how oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported by the blood - Assignment Example The process of oxygen transportation by the blood involves transfer of oxygen from the lungs to the cells that need the oxygen for physiological and biological processes. The major factor in the oxygen transfer is the concentration gradient between blood and the two cites. The respiratory system inhales blood that is reach in oxygen and induces oxygen concentration gradient between the lung and the blood system. Oxygen then diffuses into the blood system for transportation through the system’s network that reaches all body cells. Many non-physical factors however facilitate the process that would otherwise be too slow to meet the need for oxygen. Physical transfer in which oxygen dissolves in the blood’s plasma only transport a limited amount of oxygen in the body, while the major transportation is aided by haemoglobin. Further, the level of oxygen that is transported through the chemical is a factor of â€Å"concentration of haemoglobin in the blood,† proportion of haemoglobin that is bound to oxygen and the chemical’s affinity to oxygen. The level of diffused oxygen into the blood is further a non-linear factor of oxygen concentration with a reducing gradient as oxygen concentration increases up to an optimal level at which the diffusion rate stabilizes. Oxygenated blood is then transported through the circulatory system whose extensive network connects to all body cells and organs. The cells have low oxygen concentration and this facilitates the transfer of oxygen into cells across cell membranes. Dissociation of oxygen from blood’s haemoglobin is however also influenced by factors such as presence of carbon monoxide, concentration of hydrogen ions, and temperature among other biological conditions such as anaemia (Porth 2010; Tortora and Derrickson 2009). The blood also transports carbon dioxide from cells to the lungs. The transfer occurs in three forms in which carbon dioxide diffuses from cells into